• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.23
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different topical/systemic agents in reducing the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue or cells. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches were performed in July 2023. In vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of different topical or systemic agents on pulp inflammation or cytotoxicity after exposure to bleaching agents were included. The risk of bias was assessed. Results: Out of 1,112 articles, 27 were included. Nine animal studies evaluated remineralizing/anti-inflammatories agents in rat molars subjected to bleaching with 35%-38% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Five of these studies demonstrated a significant reduction in inflammation caused by HP when combined with bioglass or MI Paste Plus (GC America), or following KF-desensitizing or Otosporin treatment (n = 3). However, orally administered drugs did not reduce pulp inflammation (n = 4). Cytotoxicity (n = 17) was primarily assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on human dental pulp cells and mouse dental papilla Cell-23 cells. Certain substances, including sodium ascorbate, butein, manganese chloride, and peroxidase, were found to reduce cytotoxicity, particularly when applied prior to bleaching. The risk of bias was high in animal studies and low in laboratory studies. Conclusions: Few in vivo studies have evaluated agents to reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue. Within the limitations of these studies, it was found that topical agents were effective in reducing pulp inflammation in animals and cytotoxicity. Further analyses with human pulp are required to substantiate these findings.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.153-174
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• 2023

Electronic bill of lading, Letter of Guarantee, Surrender B/L, Seaway Bill, etc. have been proposed as alternative tools to overcome the crisis of bill of lading, but the most useful of these is by far the Surrender B/L. However, since the Surrender B/L has various problems due to the absence of a legal basis, studies so far have been conducted focusing on these legal limitations or problems in use of the Surrender B/L. This study tried to empirically identify the factors that affect the spread of Surrender B/L by expanding this point of research view. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted by acquiring 190 valid samples centered on member companies of the Korea International Freight Forwarders Association. In addition, the R program was used to diagnose the research data and analyze the degree of spread by region. As a result of the empirical analysis, it was found that the utilization of Surrender B/L increased due to the convenience and cost reduction effect of Surrender B/L and the apprenticeship training of forwarding companies. In addition, as a result of regional analysis, the spread of Surrender B/L was notable not only in neighboring regions but also even in areas far from Korea.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.349-354
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• 2023

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a conjugated polymer that is highly soluble in organic solvents and is readily available. However, its electrical properties as an active channel in electronic devices are not enough for practical applications, necessitating further improvement in the properties. In this study, we demonstrate that the blending of two P3HT polymers (i.e., regio-regular (RR) P3HT and regio-random (RRa) P3HT) with different regioregularities can significantly improve charge transport characteristics of the blend films. The morphological and electrical properties of the blend films were systematically investigated by varying the ratio between two P3HT polymers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis) were employed to evaluate the morphological and optoelectronic properties of the blend films. The crystallinity of the blend films increased with increasing the content of RRa-P3HT to 20 wt% and gradually decreased as the content increased to 80%. Consistently, the highest charge carrier mobility was obtained from the blend films containing 20 wt% RRa-P3HT, which value was measured to be 0.029 cm²/V·s. The values gradually decreased to 0.0007 cm²/V·s with increasing the content of RRa-P3HT to 80 wt%.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.25-50
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• 2021

Though there have been a lot of studies about online product review, the effects of highlighted reviewhave not been examined enough. Highlighted review is a type of review that the platform designer changes its size or position in order to highlight without any sponsorship or incentive. The main subject of this study is about how highlighted review type affects consumer's perception and behavior in online information acquisition. We collected data from 171 subjects to test hypotheses. Using three different types of screen captures, we compared three groups - general review group, positive highlighted review only group, and both positive and negative highlighted review group. As a result, disclosing both of positiveand negative highlighted review was perceived more useful than disclosing only positive highlighted review. However, correlation between highlighted review type and review skepticism was not statistically significant. The impacts of review usefulness and skepticism on platform credibility were statistically significant, and the correlation between platform credibility and usage intention was also significant. All of results is almost similar across two product types, search goods and experiential goods. This research provides practical implications to online shopping platform designers when they design review systems to make people use their platforms.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2020

Artificial Intelligence is establishing itself as a familiar tool from an intractable concept. In this trend, financial sector is also looking to improve the problem of existing system which includes Fraud Detection System (FDS). It is being difficult to detect sophisticated cyber financial fraud using original rule-based FDS. This is because diversification of payment environment and increasing number of electronic financial transactions has been emerged. In order to overcome present FDS, this paper suggests 3 types of artificial intelligence models, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), Deep Neural Network (DNN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). GAN proves how data imbalance problem can be developed while DNN and CNN show how abnormal financial trading patterns can be precisely detected. In conclusion, among the experiments on this paper, WGAN has the highest improvement effects on data imbalance problem. DNN model reflects more effects on fraud classification comparatively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.287-299
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• 2023

In vitro luwak coffee was produced using enzyme­microbial complexes. The coffee quality of non-fermented coffee beans (NFC) and fermented coffee beans (FC) was compared. The total free amino acid content was higher in FC than in NFC. The levels of glutamic acid and γ-amino-n-butyric acid in NFC were higher than those in FC; however, the contents of essential amino acids, such as lysine, leucine, and valine, in FC were higher than in NFC. During fermentation, the sucrose content decreased, whereas the fructose and glucose contents increased (p<0.001). The chromaticity of the coffee extract showed higher lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values in FC than those in NFC. The caffeine content was significantly lower in FC (696.94±0.04 ㎍/mL) compared to that in NFC (1,130.22±1.55 ㎍/mL) (p<0.001). Conversely, the polyphenol and chlorogenic acid contents were significantly higher in NFC than in FC (p<0.001). Electronic nose analysis indicated considerable differences between the volatile aromatic components in NFC and FC. Sensory scores were significantly higher for FC than those for NFC. Therefore, the fermentation of coffee beans using enzyme­microbial complexes altered the chemical components, which promoted the Maillard reaction during the coffee bean roasting process. These results suggest the possibility of producing in vitro luwak coffee with better flavor and lower caffeine content.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.683-690
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• 2023

The study was conducted to confirm the possibility of producing alcohol beverages from Dae-hong peaches. Upon examining the quality characteristics of distilled soju using Dae-hong peaches, the alcohol content was 1.12 to 1.16 times higher than that from the atmospheric distillation method. Soju with 20 % peach extract content had the highest alcohol content and the lowest volatile acid content, indicating a low possibility of causing irritating odors. Acetaldehyde was 1.3-1.94 times lower in vacuum-distilled soju, and methanol was not detected in all samples. The absorbance value of furfural, a burnt component generated during distillation is high in atmospheric distillation, which can cause irritating odors. Upon examining the volatile fragrance components, isoamylalcohol and 1-propanol were found to be the main components, both of which were the highest in the treatment group with 20 % peach extract content. The electronic nose analysis revealed that this group showed the most opposing flavor patterns to the control group, and when distilled under reduced pressure with 20 % addition of Dae-hong peaches can produce high-quality soju.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.69-88
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• 2016

Nowadays, organizations have adopted Smart Work to efficiently manage tasks, such as electronic document approval, customer management, and site inspection, without spatial-temporal constraints. Smartphones, which are commonly used in Smart Work, enable individuals to perform their jobs anytime and anywhere, thus blurring the boundary between work and non-work. To solve the problem of blurred work/non-work boundaries, a construct of self-control and affective factors needs to be considered because business style is changed from command to autonomy in the Smart Work context. Moreover, employees can convey their emotions easily over smartphones. Recent marketing studies have analyzed consumers' behavior based on the combination of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components, and researchers of information systems are also interested in these factors. However, previous research has some limitations, such as not classifying factors into cognitive, affective, and behavioral as well as not covering all three factors. Therefore, we explore the roles of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in emotional exhaustion and education performance, and conduct a survey on undergraduate and graduate students, who are the major users of smartphones. Findings show that when individuals improve their cognitive capability (self-control) and usage experience (smartphone communication and internet usage), they can decrease emotional exhaustion and increase education performance. In the role of affective capability, increasing education performance is partially accepted. These results imply that organizations should not focus on controlling the usage of smartphones but on promoting appropriate smartphone usage.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.51-71
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• 2016

Tourism products are intangible goods. Given this nature, tourist experience should be recorded and visualized through media, such as pictures, videos, and souvenir. Online platforms played the role of media given the growth of information and communication technology. Tourists post their travels for real-time documentation of their experiences, but they also tend to reminisce about past experiences that they posted on social media. Social media is not only a channel of self-presentation or a means of communication with other people, but it also serves as an archive of electronic records to bring back memories. Given this finding, we investigated the impact of social media on the autobiographical memory (recollection and vividness) of tourists and their intention to revisit a certain destination. The results showed social media interface and the impact of display quality on the recollection and vivid memory. The predictor of memory recollection of tourists is intention to revisit a destination. Social media is considered an archive of travel memory that indulges people to reminisce. Theoretical and practical implications were provided based on these results.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2023

Consumers tend to trust information provided by other consumers more than information provided by sellers. Therefore, while inducing consumers to write high-quality reviews is a very important task for companies, it is not easy to produce such high-quality reviews. Based on previous research on review writing and memory recall, we decided to develop a way to use digital nudge to help consumers naturally write high-quality reviews. Specifically, we designed an experiment to verify the effect of uploading a photo during the online review process on the quality of review of the review writer. We then recruited subjects and then divided them into groups that upload photos first and groups that do not. A task was assigned to each subject to write positive and negative reviews. As a result, it was confirmed that the behavior of uploading a photo first increases the review length. In addition, it was confirmed that when online users who upload photos first have extremely negative satisfaction with the product, the extent of two-sidedness of the review content increases.