• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.265-275
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• 2019

Technological advances of mankind, through the development of electrical and communication technologies, have resulted in the exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). Technological growth is expected to continue; as such, the amount of EMF exposure will continue to increase steadily. In particular, the use-time of smart phones, that have become a necessity for modern people, is steadily increasing. Social concerns and interest in the impact on the cranial nervous system are increased when considering the area where the mobile phone is used. However, before discussing possible effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the human body, several factors must be investigated about the influence of EMFs at the level of research using in vitro or animal models. Scientific studies on the mechanism of biological effects are also required. It has been found that RF-EMF can induce changes in central nervous system nerve cells, including neuronal cell apoptosis, changes in the function of the nerve myelin and ion channels; furthermore, RF-EMF act as a stress source in living creatures. The possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure have not yet been proven, and there are insufficient data on biological hazards to provide a clear answer to possible health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to study the biological response to RF-EMF in consideration of the comprehensive exposure with regard to the use of various devices by individuals. In this review, we summarize the possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.314-319
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 MICS(Medical Implant Communication Service, 402~405 MHz)와 ISM(The Industrial, Scientific and Medical, 2.40~2.48 GHz) 대역에서 동작하는 인체 통신 중계용 안테나를 제안하고, 인체의 영향을 고려한 안테나 성능에 대한 분석을 하였다. 제안된 안테나는 loop 안테나와 영차 공진 안테나로 구성되어 있다. Loop 안테나는 ISM 대역에서 동작하며, MICS 대역에서의 동작은 loop 안테나와 영차 공진기의 용량성 결합에 의해 요구 성능을 만족할 수 있도록 구현하였다. 근거리장에 인체가 존재할 때 인체가 안테나에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 인체 팬텀을 이용하여 시뮬레이션과 측정을 하였다. 시뮬레이션 및 측정 결과, 제안된 안테나는 MICS와 ISM 대역에서 대역폭을 만족하였고, 측정된 이득값은 MICS 대역에서 -28.53 dBi, ISM 대역에서 3.85 dBi였다. 또한, 설계된 안테나의 이중 대역 특성은 인체 내 외부 간의 통신 중계 용도로 적절하다고 사료된다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2009년도 제40회 하계학술대회
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• pp.2053_2054
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• 2009

This paper studied about the characteristics of the Far Infrared Ray Radiant Oven. We decrease intensity of electromagnetic wave which depended on electric and magnetic field occured by the Far Infrared Ray Radiant Oven and then the affected effect on the human body is minimized.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2020

This paper analyses the feasibility of using implantable antennas to detect and monitor tumors. We analyze this setting according to the wireless propagation loss and signal fading produced by human bodies and their environment in an indoor scenario. The study is based on the ITU-R propagation recommendations and prediction models for the planning of indoor radio communication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 100 GHz. We conduct primary estimations on 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz operating frequencies. The path loss presented in most short-range wireless implant devices does not take into account the human body as a channel itself, which causes additional losses to wireless designs. In this paper, we examine the propagation through the human body, including losses taken from bones, muscles, fat, and clothes, which results in a more accurate characterization and estimation of the channel. The results obtained from our simulation indicates a variation of the return loss of the spiral antenna when a tumor is located near the implant. This knowledge can be applied in medical detection, and monitoring of early tumors, by analyzing the electromagnetic field behavior of the implant. The tumor was modeled under CST Microwave Studio, using Wisconsin Diagnosis Breast Cancer Dataset. Features like the radius, texture, perimeter, area, and smoothness of the tumor are included along with their label data to determine whether the external shape has malignant or benign physiognomies. An explanation of the feasibility of the system deployment and technical recommendations to avoid interference is also described.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.711-718
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• 2019

전자파 측정기와 스펙트럼 분석기를 통하여 가정에서 사용되고 있는 여러 종류의 가전제품에서 발생하는 전자파 발생 거동을 조사하였다. 전자레인지 동작 중에 30cm 떨어진 지점에서 측정된 전자파 전력은 8~11mW/㎡ 범위로 측정되었고 저주파 자기장의 강도는 60~80mG, 전기장 강도는 150~160V/m로 측정되었다. 스마트폰 무선 충전 패드의 경우 10cm 떨어진 지점에서 전자파 전력 0.4mW/㎡, 전기장 160V/m, 자기장 1mG로 측정되었다. 전자레인지 및 무선 충전 패드의 경우 10cm 이내로 근접하여 사용할 경우 전기장 크기가 인체 보호 기준을 초과하는 큰 값으로 측정되었으며 인체 유해성이 우려된다. 한편 TV, 헤어드라이어, 냉장고 등의 가전제품은 전자파, 전기장, 자기장 모두 매우 낮은 수준으로 나타났으며 인체 유해성은 없는 것으로 보인다. 전자파 차폐재의 경우 금속 재질의 Cu 패브릭과 메탈 포일은 높은 수준의 전자파 차단 성능을 나타내었으나, 폴리머 필름의 경우는 전자파 차단 특성이 낮은 수준으로 나타났다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1107-1115
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 인체부착형 Headset MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) 안테나를 제안하고, 인체의 영향을 고려한 안테나 성능과 인체에 미칠 수 있는 영향에 대한 분석을 하였다. 제안된 MIMO 안테나는 접지면 위에 PIFA(planar inverted-F antenna) 형태의 두 안테나와 격리도 특성 개선을 위하여 안테나 사이에 위치한 isolator로 구성되어 있다. 근거리장에 인체가 존재할 때 안테나에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하고, 팬텀을 이용하여 시뮬레이션과 측정을 하였다. 측정 결과, MIMO 안테나의 성능을 평가하는 파라미터 중 하나인 상관 계수(Envelope Correlation Coefficient: ECC)는 ISM 대역에서 0.1 이하의 값을 가지므로 제안된 MIMO 안테나의 diversity 성능이 우수함을 입증하였다. 또한, 측정된 SAR(Specific Absorption Rate) 값은 공급전력 250 mW에서 안테나 1, 2 각각 0.575, 0.571 W/kg이었다. 이는 1 g 평균 전자파 흡수율을 1.6 W/kg으로 제한한 FCC의 지침을 초과하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 제안된 인체부착형 Headset MIMO 안테나는 실용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2021

The controversy over the risk of the human body being affected by electromagnetic fields emitted from 60 Hz power lines continues without end. There are currently no new studies or research progress being made in this direction that is notable, and the number of civil complaints is gradually increasing. The problem is that each study produces different results, among which the effect of exposure to magnetic fields on childhood leukemia is a major one. In Korea, an electrician who was maintaining a 22.9 kV power line died of leukemia, which has recently been recognized as an occupational disease. Methods to reduce magnetic fields from power lines include shielding with wire loops, incorporating split phases and compaction techniques, installing underground power lines, converting to high-voltage direct current (HVDC), and increasing the ground clearance of transmission towers. Depending on whether a separate power supply is needed or not, there are two types of wire loops: passive loop and active loop. Magnetic field reduction is currently done through underground power lines; however, the disadvantage of this process is high construction costs. Installing passive loops, with relatively low construction costs, leads to lower magnetic field reduction rates than installing underground cables and a weakness to not solving the landscape problem. This methodological study aims at designing methods and reducing the effects of 2-wire set loops-the simplest and most practical. Since the method proposed in this study has been designed after analyzing the distribution of complex electromagnetic fields near the expected loop installation location, a practical design can be implemented without the need for any difficult optimization programming.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1996년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.18-28
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• 1996

The outer-most electrons of metal atoms and the remaining valence electrons of any molecular atoms make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings. The rotating electrons on the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bonding orbitals of atoms make $\pi$-far infrared rays. Longitudinal wave is a propagation of a bundle of $\pi$-far infrared rays, which are produced by a dynamic impact on a solid bar. The $\pi$-far infrared rays make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings in the material, which reproduce the same $\pi$-far infrared rays. If a current signal is input into water molecules under a given electric potential field with $\pi$-far infrared rays (input information), the signal can be amplified because the $\pi$-far infrared rays make the $\pi$-bondings, which reduce electric resistance. The three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings can induce normal electrons to move from one orbital to next one with a aid of potential electric field. Quantum Resonance Spectrometer is composed of tesla coil absorbing $\pi$-far infrared rays, tesla coil emitting varying electromagnetic waves signal generator, signal storage, human body amplifier, signal analyzer and data indicator. The absorbing tesla coil making varying magnetic field and downward and upward electric field, which resonates the $\pi$-far infrared rays coming out from specimen and absorbs them. The modulated current signal from the input square signal can generate and emit varying electromagnetic waves from the tesla coil. The varying electro-magnetic waves make the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings and the $\pi$-far infrared rays in the water molecules.

• 폴리머
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.572-575
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• 2006

사회적 관심이 되고 있는 전력선과 휴대폰의 전자파 영향에 의한 인체 유해성 문제에 대한 상대적 개념으로 암 치료에 있어서 보조요법의 일환으로 제시될 수 있는 전자파를 이용한 온열치료법 개발을 위한 기초연구로서 고분자계의 젤리팬텀을 제작하였다. 폴리에틸렌을 비롯한 다양한 구성비를 가지는 팬텀 재료의 조합을 통해 CDMA와 PCS 대역에 적용되는 인체 두뇌의 젤리팬텀을 제작한 후 전기적 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 향후 제조된 젤리팬텀을 비롯한 각종 장기의 모의인체에 대한 전기적 특성 값을 분석한 다음, 자성유체를 젤리팬텀에 주입시킨 후 실제 온도상승을 온도감지 적외선 카메라로 촬영하여 확인, 젤리팬텀의 전자기적 특성 분석을 통한 암 치료에 있어서의 새로운 방법론을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.471-473
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• 2002

Public concerns associated with the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures from mobile phones on human body are increased. Although studies on the effects of the EMF exposures on human have been carried out for a long time, it is not proved yet whether the EMF effect is harmful or not. Based on the scientific results by experts, EMF exposure limits have been regulated as a precautionary approach on the assumption that the EMF effect may be harmful. It is well known that absorbed EMF can be transformed into heat within biological tissues and that thermal effects are related with the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution. However, the relative magnitude and distribution of the energies are not well defined. Although there is comprehensive information of the thermal effects, most of them come from animal and in vitro studies. Considerable efforts have been made to analyze the EMF absorption model while the actual temperature in the human body has been rarely measured. Temperature changes on the face of a healthy male volunteer were studied. A digital mobile phone of 1.8GHz was used. A digital infrared imaging system (IRIS-5000, Medicore, Seoul, Korea) was applied to take infrared pictures of the face every minute while the volunteer talked over the mobile phone for 20 minutes. The specification of the imaging system was as follows: Temperature resolution = 0.1$^{\circ}C$; Range of temperature measurement = 17～40$^{\circ}C$; Pixel size = 0.9mm ${\times}$ 0.9mm; Frame time = 2.6s; Active temperature of detector = 77$^{\circ}$K. The result showed that temperature of the ear region was increased during the phone call and the region of the temperature increase on the face was expanded as the phone call time increased. Further study is necessary to investigate the temperature rise analytically and quantitatively.