• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.341-352
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• 2012

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are mainly caused by the two factors, that is, ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst produced by dry forage feeding. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 am during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, saliva lost via the esophageal fistula was replenished by an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in sham feeding conditions (SFC) control, and the treatment was maintained under normal feeding conditions (NFC). In experiment 2, a RIAPS and non-insertion of a balloon (RIAPS-NB) control was conducted in the same manner as the SFC control of experiment 1. The intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution and insertion of a balloon (RIHS-IB) treatment was carried out simultaneously to reproduce the effects of changing salt content and ruminal distension due to feed entering the rumen. The results of experiment 1 showed that due to the effects of multiple dry forage suppressing factors when feed boluses entered the rumen, eating rates in the NFC treatment decreased (p<0.05) after 40 min of feeding and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period reduced to 43.8% of the SFC control (p<0.01). The results of experiment 2 indicated that due to the two suppressing factors of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst, eating rates in the RIHS-IB treatment were, as observed under NFC, reduced (p<0.05) and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period decreased to 34.0% of the RIAPS-NB control (p<0.01). The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.5% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst are the main factors in the suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1069-1085
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• 2011

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to clarify whether or not increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding suppress dry forage intake. Eight large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 3 to 6 years, weighing $72.3{\pm}2.74$ kg) were used in two experiments conducted under sham feeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 h during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in the control replenished saliva lost via the esophageal fistula and an intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution (RIHS) in the treatment was carried out in order to reproduce the effects of changing salt content due to feed entering the rumen. In experiment 2, the RIHS control was conducted in the same manner as the RIHS treatment of experiment 1. The treatment group consisted of RIHS-with an intravenous infusion of artificial mixed saliva (VIAMS) treatment that was carried out for 3 h to prevent increases in plasma osmolality during feeding. The results of the RIHS treatment in experiment 1 showed that ruminal fluid osmolality increased and then an increase in plasma osmolality was observed. This resulted in the production of thirst sensations and the reduction of cumulative dry forage intake to 43.3% (p<0.05) of the RIAPS control. The results of the RIHS-VIAMS treatment in experiment 2 indicated that ruminal fluid osmolality was the same as the RIHS control but plasma osmolality significantly decreased, and thirst level was markedly reduced. This caused a significant increase of 31.4% (p<0.05) in cumulative dry forage intake in the RIHS-VIAMS treatment compared to the RIHS control. These results indicate that increases in ruminal fluid osmolality during dry forage feeding indirectly suppresses dry forage intake by causing an increase in plasma osmolality and subsequently inducing thirst sensations. The results of the present study suggest that marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the series of panoramic radiograph of implant patients using the system to measure peri-implant crestal bone loss according to the elapsed time from fixture installation time to more than three years. Methods: Choose 10 patients having 45 implant fixtures installed, which have series of panoramic radiograph in the period to be analyzed by the system. Then, calculated the crestal bone depth and statistics and selected the implant in concerned by clicking the implant of image shown on the monitor by the implemented pattern recognition system. Then, the system recognized the x, y coordination of the implant and peri-implant alveolar crest, and calculated the distance between the approximated line of implant fixture and alveolar crest. By applying pattern recognition to periodic panoramic radiographs, we attained the results and made a comparison with the results of preceded articles concerning peri-implant marginal bone loss. Analyzing peri-implant crestal bone loss in a regression analysis periodic filmed panoramic radiograph, logarithmic approximation had highest $R^2$ value, and the equation is as shown below. $y=0.245Logx{\pm}0.42$, $R^2=0.53$, unit: month (x), mm (y) Results: Panoramic radiograph is a more wide-scoped view compared with the periapical radiograph in the same resolution. Therefore, there was not enough information in the radiograph in local area. Anterior portion of many radiographs was out of the focal trough and blurred precluding the accurate recognition by the system, and many implants were overlapped with the adjacent structures, in which the alveolar crest was impossible to find. Conclusion: Considering the earlier objective and error, we expect better results from an analysis of periapical radiograph than panoramic radiograph. Implementing additional function, we expect high extensibility of pattern recognition system as a diagnostic tool to evaluate implant-bone integration, calculate length from fixture to inferior alveolar nerve, and from fixture to base of the maxillary sinus.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.91-100
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• 2015

An increase in energy such as natural gas, coal, oil, has occurred to a large amounts of environment impact emissions, it is necessary to reduce in the construction industry for the energy consumption. To encourage remodeling project in developed countries of the majority, on the basis of this, remodeling project in the construction industry has grown to a large amount. Results of analysis of the research related to the advanced remodeling, analysis of the economic validity in accordance with the production and process and building elapsed years of selection alternative of remodeling there has been a problem that has not been properly reflected. In this study, a decision support model that can simultaneously choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficiency alternative. Developed process model, generates a "Remodeling Solution" that combines the renewable energy equipment and envelope system, energy performance evaluation of the application of international standards(ISO-13790, DIN V 18599), perform the economic evaluation through LCCA(Life Cycle Cost Analysis) technique, circulated evaluation and configured to output the optimal Remodeling Solution. The results of applying the model developed in the case, it was confirmed that it is possible to select a choice of cost-effective energy-saving alternative. Then, developed model through this study, it is expected to be able to help highly effective remodeling alternative to selecting by decision-makers.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 2012

The delay in the construction permit for the building, which obtained the approval of business proposal, may lead to a difference in the maintenance cost ranging between 20% and 30% in the neighborhood where the residents moved in, along with the new project under construction in the surrounding area amidst rigorous regulations that aim to promote energy-saving and the heightened interest of the public in energy conservation, and such problem would become the major source of serious public complaints. Thus, the energy-saving plan needs to be prepared when the approval is granted to the business plan. In order to prevent public complaints or ensure effectiveness of government's energy plan, it may be effective to apply the energy-saving plan based on current standards upon the award of construction permit when two years have elapsed since the date of the scheduled commencement of construction or when the start of construction is delayed as stipulated in the Article 18 of the Enforcement Decree of Housing Act. If the energy-saving plan and related technologies are merely the parts of license and permit process without fully serving their purposes and functions, it would be waste of time to deploy a lot of workforce and review and seek consultation. The government or owners of buildings need to fully understand the energy-saving aspects and exert effort to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.328-337
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to research the traumatized primary teeth and investigate following factors: sex, age, cause, place and time(of the year) of injury, elapsed time, area and type of injury, dental treatment and prognosis. The analysis includes total of 1533 traumatized primary teeth from 758 children aging from 6 months to 6 years(mean age: 2.8) from 2003 to 2007. The result follows : 1. The children of age between 1-2 and 2-3 were involved in the largest number of injuries in both sexes with boy/girl ratio of 1.77:1(p<0.001). 2. Fall and collision were the main causes of traumatic dental injury, especially in younger children(p<0.05). Places of injury occurrence varied: home, outdoors, and kindergarten. Warm climate accounts for frequent outdoor injuries in May, September and October(p<0.001). 3. Most of the children visited dental clinic within 24 hours of the injury(77.6%). From March to September, dental trauma occurrences were distributed evenly, except for Winter period(p<0.001). 4. Upper central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and the injuries usually involved 1 tooth or 2 teeth. 5. Periodontal tissue injuries dominated and subluxation was the most common type. Lateral luxation, enamel fracture, intrusion and root fracture followed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-57
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• 1977

Seasenal absorption of inorganic nutrients and dry matter Production were studied with four-year-old ginseng plant. The residuary amounts of the nutrients supplied to ginseng Plantation were decreased with lime elapsed. The decreasing rate was greater in chemical plots than in Yacto Plots. The amounts of manure applied in this current year and growth in dry matter production of ginseng showed no signficant difference. The amounts of mineral nutrients per unit dry matter were proportional to the amounts of supplied with chemical fertilizer in the early period of growing season but with Yacto in the late season of growing. Seasonal changes of nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium contents per unit dry weight in each organ were high in the middle of May. They decreased sharply in the middle of June and then slowly decreased in both leaves and stems but gradually increased in roots. The absorption ratio of nitrogen to Phosphorus (N/P) was high, and that of nitrogen to Potassium (N/K) was few. The amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium in leaves became lower with increasing the relative light intensity, but in stems, the concentrations were different with the kind of mineral nutrients. The requisite amounts of mineral nutrient of ginseng plant were 8.3∼9.9 kg of nitrogen, 1.2∼1.5 kg of phosphorus, 6.4∼7.9 kg of potassium Per 10 a for five years.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2002

Geotextile tubes hydraulically or mechanically filled with dredged materials have been applied in hydraulic and coastal engineering in recent years(detached breakwater, groins and jetty). The geotextile tubes are made of sewn geosynthetics sheets. If the sandy soil is use to fill material, these inlets should be spaced closely to assure uniform filling of the tubes because sandy soil and geosynthetic is very pervious. However, the clayey soil or contaminated slurry is used, the inlets can be located relatively long distance. The fine clayey particles tend to rapidly blind the fabric slowing down water escape through the geotextile. This paper presents a field test result of a geotextile tube in the land reclamation project for the Songdo New City construction site. The dredged silty clay was dredged by the dredging ship and hydraulically pumped into the geotextile tube. The height of geotextile tube was measured at every filling stage and also measured width and diameter of geotextile tube with the elapsed time. Based on the test results, if the clayey filling material is used, the pumping step must be divided 3~4 stages for drainage and sediment. After complete drainage, the height of the geotextile tube reduces by approximately 50%.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of somatic symptoms in patients with PTSD according to trauma type. Methods : The subjects of this study were 84 patients diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM-IVTR and CAPS criteria. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 76 years, and they were recruited from 18 hospitals across the nation. All participants were asked about their trauma history, and they all completed the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Korean-Physical Somatic Symptom Inventory (K-PSI). The items of the K-PSI were categorized into 5 groups according to organ system, and the participants were classified into 6 groups according to trauma type. We compared the results of the social demographical scale, DTS, BDI, STAI, IES-R and each recategorized subscale of the K-PSI among the six groups. Results : There were significant differences between the 6 groups in terms of the Korean-Physical Somatic Symptom Inventory scores for each organ system, except for the cardiopulmonary system, as well as the BDI scores. Post hoc analysis revealed differences between the combat-related trauma group and all other groups but not among any of the other groups. Conclusion : Our result showed that there were significant differences in the somatic symptom scores among the 6 trauma groups. However, patient age and the time elapsed since the traumatic event may have hada crucial influence on the result of this study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.744-750
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate soil chemical characteristics for forest rehabilitation and suggest management in abandoned coal mine areas in Boryeong City, Chungcheongnam-do. Total study sites were seven sites, and soil properties analyzed were soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total-N, C/N ratio, and available $P_2O_5$ (A.v. P). Average soil pH (range) was 5.9 (4.5~7.0). Three study sites (Samgwang, Shinsung1, and Shimwon1) showed lower soil pH than standard (pH 5.6~7.3) of Korea Industrial Standards (KS) for abandoned coal mine forest rehabilitation. Average contents of TOC, and total-N were 1.5% (0.1~4.7%), and 0.10% (0.03~0.23%), respectively. Five study sites where the collapsed time was less than 10 years (Wangjashingang, Wonpoong, Samgwang, Shinsung1, and Shinsung2) showed lower TOC level than standard of KS (more than 1.2%). Wangjashingang, Wonpoong, Samgwang, and Shinsung1 showed lower level of total-N than standard of KS (more than 0.09%). C/N ratio of six study sites except Shimwon1 was out of proper range (15:1~30:1). Average A.v. P (range) was $20.7mgkg^{-1}$ (4.8~63.1), less than other abandoned coal mine fores rehabilitation areas in Mungyong City, and Hwasun-gun. TOC, total N and A.v. P increased with elapsed time from forest rehabilitation, while other soil properties did not show distinct pattern. Betula platyphylla was planted in Samkwang and Sinsung where soil pH was less than KS standard. Because the growth of Betula platyphylla can be limited in acid soil, it is necessary to neutralize soil pH to proper level with some soil amendment such as lime or shell of oyster. Furthermore, TOC, total-N and A.v. P in early stage of forest rehabilitation showed lower level than proper to vegetation growth. Therefore it needs continuous monitoring of soil characteristics and fertilization for vegetation growth and influx from surrounding forest in early stage of rehabilitation.