• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2022

Lysosome organelle extract (LOE) was derived from egg whites. The lysosome is an intracellular organelle that contains several hydrolysis enzymes. Previous studies have reported that LOE performs important functions, such as melanin de-colorization and anti-melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells. However, its principal molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated till date. In non-cytotoxic conditions, LOE significantly inhibited α-MSH induced melanin synthesis of murine B16F10 cells. The anti-melanogenic activity of LOE was mediated by suppressing the mRNA expression of tyrosinase enzyme, tyrosinase related protein-1/2 (TRP-1/2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) genes. By performing western blot analysis, we found that LOE significantly attenuated melanogenesis. In this case, LOE helped in increasing extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in α-MSH induced B16F10 cells. Furthermore, MITF is found to be a key regulatory transcription factor in melanin synthesis; it was down-regulated by LOE through ERK phosphorylation. In this experiment, PD98059 (MEK inhibitor) was used to check whether LOE directly regulated the activity of ERK. Although LOE exerted inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis, we could not observe this effect in PD98059-treated α-MSH induced B16F10. These results strongly indicate that LOE is related to ERK activation and MITF degradation in anti-skin pigmentation. Hence, LOE should be utilized as a whitening agent of skin in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

Egg and larval stages of the rockfish, Sebastes thompsoni and S. pachycephalus pachycephalus, are described and illustrared. The size of these eggs when released were 1.27~1.33mm in S. thompsoni and 1.39~1.52mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. The size of these hatching larvae when released were 3.02~3.12mm TL (total length) in S. thompsoni and 4.83~5.17mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. Notochord flexion occured 7.56~8.00mm TL (17~20 days after hatching) in S. thompsorzi and 5.43~5.56mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. Preflexion and flexion larvae (averaged 3.97~7.78mm TL) of S. thompsoni were distinguished from related species by pigmentation of the dorsal and ventral midlines of the tail. Larvae of S. pachycephalus pachycephalus were distinguished from related species by pigmentation of the dorsal and ventral midlines of the trunk. Transformation occured 14.22~15.86mm TL in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

The primary cilium protrudes from the cell body like a bio-antenna that has many receptors, channels and signaling molecules to sense and response to external stimuli. The external environment such as ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, humidity, gravity and shear stress always influences skin. Skin responds to external stimuli and differentiates by making melanin, collagen and horny layer. Ciliogenesis participates in developmental processes of skin, such as keratinocyte differentiation and hair formation. And it was reported that skin pigmentation was inhibited when ciliogenesis was induced by sonic hedgehog-smoothened-GLI2 signaling. When skin is exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormones (${\alpha}$-MSH) increase melanin synthesis through activation of the cAMP pathway in melanocytes. We observed that ${\alpha}$-MSH and cAMP production inducers inhibited ciliogenesis of melanocytes. Therefore, we thought that regulation of ciliogenesis is potential candidate target for the development of agents to treat undesirable hyperpigmentation of skin. As a result, we found out that an ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (EGG) root and 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester (TCTE, Melasolv) significantly inhibit melanin synthesis of normal human melanocyte by inducing primary cilium formation. This study proposed new theory to regulate skin pigmentation and cosmetic components for skin whitening.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.975-980
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis(Glutinicus) on the performance and egg quality of layers. A total of 360 ISA Brown layers at 72 weeks old were assigned to one of the following 6 diets: control, 25 ppm$\beta$-carotene, 0.50%0, 1%0, 2% and 4% Glutinicus supplemented diets. Each treatment was replicated three times with 20 birds housed in 2 bird cage units. Glutinicus supplementation at the level of 0.5% significantly(p < 0.05) improved egg production and FCR Soft and broken egg production rate decreased as the level of Glutinicus supplementation increased. Eggshell strength was highest in 4 % Glutinicus supplementation. Egg yolk color increased linearly as the level of Glutinicus supplementation increased up to 2% of the diet. It was concluded that Glutinicus supplementation at the level of 0.5% can be recommended for the improvement of egg production while 2.0% can be recommended for egg yolk pigmentation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of the natural and synthetic commercial pigments on the laying Performance, Pigmentation and fatty acid contents in e99 yolk of laying hens. The experimental diets were formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen. In experiment I, the diet does not contain the com in which the xanthophylls are free, and in experiment II, the diet contained 54% of corn in which the level of xanthophylls are 19.34 ppm/kg (calculated levels). In the experiment 1, 480 ISA Brown laying hens were divided into eight groups. Each group has 60 birds fed the 0% of corn with 8 types of pigment levels for 4 weeks. in the experiment 2, 600 ISA Brown laying hens were divided into ten groups. Each group has 60 birds fed the 54% of com diet with 10 types of pigment levels for 4 weeks. Feed intake, e99 Production, egg weight and feed efficiency did not have significant difference in experiments I and II. Albumen height and haugh unit did not have significant difference in both experiments. In order to approach the yolk pigmentation to 12∼13 of Roche color fan, addition level of natural red pigment was 25∼30 ppm. In the case of synthetic red pigment, the level was 15∼20 ppm. In this experimental condition, the pigmenting effect of the synthetic pigment was better than that of the natural pigment. In the experiment 2, the pigmenting effect of mixing pigments were investigated between TM2 mixed with natural red pigment, and TM6 mixed with synthesis red pigment. The pigmenting effect of synthetic red pigment was greater than that of the natural red pigment. However, the pigmenting effect of natural pigment was greater than that of synthetic pigments when the levels of synthetic and natural red pigments in diet are higher in TM3 and TM8. The fatty acid content in yolk was not affected by pigment addition.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2011

Pigments in the diet affect yolk colors. Due to variations in both the bioavailability of pigments in chickens and their amounts occurring in the feed ingredients, concern about egg quality arises in terms of yolk color. In this study, the effects of pigments, produced through cell culture in the laboratory, on yolk colors were determined for 4 weeks in laying hens receiving one of the 6 dietary treatments: control diets containing 1) no synthetic pigments (CON); 2) canthaxanthin (4 ppm) purchased from BASF (BASF); 3) cultured cells so that the diet had canthaxanthin at 4 ppm (CX); 4) cultured cells so that the diet had lycopene at 30 ppm (LP); 5) canthaxanthin (4 ppm) that was purified from cultured cells (SPCX); or 6) lycopene (30 ppm) that was purified from cultured cells. Relation between deposition of pigments into yolks and egg production was also tested. Yolk color of eggs from chickens fed dietary CX was significantly enhanced, which was slightly but significantly below that of BASF. Results from other treatments were lower than those of CX. Deposit rates of pigments into yolks were: BASF > CX > SPCX > LP > SPLP. The amounts of pigments, with the exception of SPLP, in feed were not changed during the storage for 4 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$. Egg production rates varied among treatments during the initial phase of the study but became relatively uniform at the later stage, except for CON and LP groups. The results of the present study indicate that the deposition of pigments into yolks is independent of egg production.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.375-382
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• 2021

In this study, the reproductive behavior and embryonic and larval development of the short ninespine stickleback Pungitius kaibarae was described and illustrated based on observations during spawning, hatching, and larval rearing trials. Adult P. kaibarae were collected downstream in Jinhae during the reproductive season (April-May). Males had nuptial coloration on their entire black bodies, with blue dorsal spines and yellow eyes, whereas females had a brown spotted pattern on their bodies. Males built nests on the stems of water weeds and attracted females. Fertilization occurred in the nest immediately after spawning, and males guarded the eggs until hatching. The fertilized eggs of P. kaibarae were spherical, demersal, adhesive, and transparent, and each egg measured 1.43 ± 0.07 mm in diameter. The morula, blastula, and gastrula stages, as well as hatching began at 5, 18.5, 21.5, and 96 post fertilization (HPF), respectively, at 20.0 ± 0.5℃. The newly hatched larvae had a total length (TL) of 5.67 ± 0.50 mm, with a yolk volume of 0.583 ± 0.059 mm³. Their mouths and anuses had not yet opened. At 2 days posthatching (days post hatching, DPH), the yolk was completely absorbed and the larvae began to feed exogenously. Pigmentation was observed in freshly hatched larvae 4 h after hatching, with the presence of eight areas with a dotted pattern on the dorsal surface of the larvae and dispersed spots on the head and yolk sac. At 30 DPH, the TL of the juveniles was 21.34 ± 1.70 mm. The nest area and number of eggs were 259.56 ± 101.39 mm² (75.18-506.04) and 155.33 ± 114.12 (0-437), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2000

Population ecology of Abbottina springeri has been investigated from March to November, 1995 at Musimchon stream of Kadok-myon, Chongwon-gun, Chungchongbug-do. The favorite habitat was a sluggish area with muddy bottom, but larger individuals more than 60 mm in total length were also collected at rapids of low velosity. Judging from the total length frequency in this population on June, total length 30~50 mm group is one year old, 50~65 mm group is two years old, and longer than 65 mm is regarded over three years old. Sexual dimorphism was revealed conspicuously in genital papilla, nuptial tuberles and nuptial pigmentation in the males at spawning season. Peak season of spawning was June when the water temperature reaches $20\sim25^{\circ}C$ and they start spawning at the age of two. The sex ratio of female to male was 1:0.93. The mean of egg number and egg size in ovary were 652 and 0.43~0.06 mm respectively. According to the contents of stomach, this species feeds mainly on botton algae at all ages and some aquatic insects in adult.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.38-45
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• 2005

The egg bags of Korean salamander(Hynobius leechii) were collected from farmlands in Gyeongsangnam-do area. The assumed breeding time, numerical variation of embryos in each egg bag, mortality and the rates of abnormalities were investigated. The toxicity of benomyl, the metabolite carbendazim and BIC which were frequently spread in agricultural area and caused spontaneous embryonic malformation was investigated. The assumed breeding time between the end of February and the end of March has the difference about a month because of a habitat and it takes about 2 or 3 weeks from laying eggs to hatching. The length of each egg bag and the number of embryos were very varied in each area. It is due to geographical variation. Among egg bags in total study area, only 406 of egg bags(17.70% of total egg bags) developed all of embryos to normal larvae, and 78.49% of total embryos were normally developed. The patterns of spontaneous embryonic malformation were 26 species from A to Z and the abnormal patterns in individual were 8 species and above. the geographical differences about the abnormal pattern were identified and 11 habitats categorized 4 groups. The most frequent abnormality in Gyeongsangnam-do area is the dysplasia of external gill. The caudal dysplasia, abdominal blister and dysplasia of fin were also frequently observed. Individuals showing severe external defect were histologically studied and they showed retinal hypo-pigmentation, thyroid carcinoma, somatic muscular dysplasia, degeneration of cephalic neuron and various organ dysplasia. Benomyl and carbendazim were treated by 10pM$^{\sim}$10uM and BIC was treated by 1$^{\sim}$40ppm to know the effect of toxicity about toxic substance of salamander. After benomyl was treated, a survival rate was sharply dropped from 2 to 8 days. $LC_{100}$ identified in $1{\mu}M$, $LC_{50}$ identified between 100nM and $1{\mu}M$. $EC_{50}$ was assumed between 10nM and 100nM. The prevalent external malformation was abdomen swelled abnormally and histo-pathological effects were abdomen, neural tube and lens hernia. This suggests that benomyl is the toxicitic substance which inhibits the development of digestive system and nervous system. The result of treated carbendazim was similar to that of the treated benomyl. The survival rate is sharply dropped between 2 and 6 days. $LC_{100}$ was identified $1{\mu}M$ and $LC_{50}$ was identified between 10nM and 100nM. This shows that cabendazim has stronger lethal toxicity than benomyl. Ventral blister, eye dysplasia and cephalic dysplasia in the individual of external malformation mean that cabendazim affected nervous system much more than benomyl. Because the toxicity of BIC affected less in the beginning but affected more in the near hatching period, the period causing toxicity is somewhat different. $LC_{100}$ identified near 40ppm and $LC_{50}$ identified near 25ppm. The external defect shows mainly ventral blister and histo-pathological results show intestinal deformities. This result suggests the BIC inhibited strongly the development of digestive system. These abnormal developments may be caused by antimitotic action, inhibition of tubulin complex, destruction of microtubule, inhibitions of neurulation and closing of neural fold, and by the inhibition of movement of neural crest cells of benomyl. These abnormal developments may be caused by the rupture of epithelium, the loss of microtubule, the reduction of spindle size, the inhibition of spindle assembly formation, the destruction of spindle poles of carbendazim. These abnormal developments may be caused cytotoxicity by inhibition of the synthesis of a number of macromolecules and similar reaction the inhibition of benomyl.