• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.404-412
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• 2017

A centrifugal cyclone dust collecting apparatus includes a hydro cyclone dust collecting apparatus for separating solid or liquid using liquid or suspension as a medium. In this study, the formation mechanism and improvement of air core and inner air layer were confirmed through Particle Image Velocimetry. These results showed that the modified experimental model was designed in the conventional method suitable for the separation of juvenile fish and eggs. The inlet speed of the multi-stage hydrocyclone dust collector, which can increase the inlet velocity and minimize floatage in the turbulence chamber, was increased from 0.15 to 0.30 m/s. As a result, the air core was stably formed, the inner air layer was increased with increasing speed. In addition, the dust collecting efficiency of egg and juvenile fish was 97.8% on average, It can infer that this system confirmed the ability to efficiently collect particles of $40{\mu}m$ or more.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-213
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• 2004

Ligusticum chuanxiong is receiving much attentions as one of the important medicinal crops with the increasement of the crude drug demands. This study was conducted to obtain the basic informations of breeding of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Embryological characteristics were examined to elucidate the process of male and female gametophytic development and fertilization. Meiosis and nucleus division of megaspore and microspore were proceeded normally. With regard to the formation of female gametophyte, only a half of female gametophyte developed to normal egg apparatus. While another 50% showed abnormal egg apparatus with poly-nuclei or non-nuclei ovule. The pollens developed from the micros pore were formed more than 90 % of normal pollen. It was difficult to observe fertilization because ovule tissue was very compact and cell was extremely tiny, but could be easely observed proembryo and embryo formation. Only 30 percent developed into proembryo and subsequently into embryo, and the others were degenerated.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-6
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• 1963

As a part of embryological studies of Panax ginseng, megasporangium and megagametophyte formations were investigated. Ovule is found to be auatropous. Small-sized nucellus is surrounded by thick layered single integument. As the embryo sac develops, the nucellus along with some parts of the inner epidermis of integument disintegrates and completely disappers at flowering stage. Embryo sac takes the type of typical Polygonum although antipodal cells disappear and polar nuclei fuse to form secondary nucleus before fertilization. Mature embryo sac consists of egg apparatus and large secondary nucleus lying adjacent to the egg. Besides the normal ovule, tiny incomplete ovule develops near the base of style. Frequently two normal ovules are formed in a single locule. Chromosome number counted is PMC is n=24.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1996

The time-course process by which spermatozoa penetrates through the micropvle apparatus into the egg cytoplasm of rainbow trout, Oncorhvnchus mvkiss, was examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In the unfertilized egg, the ess surface beneath the inner opening of the micropylar canal did not differ distinctly from the rest of the animal pole area. A spermatozoon attached to the micropvle opening 20 seconds after insemination. In the initial stases of penetration, the spermatozoon still within the micropvlar canal attached perpendicularly at its apical tip to the ess surface, then the sperm head was rapidly engulfed by the folded egg surface with its manly microvilli. A large fertilization cone with microvillus-free surface appeared on the esS surface sutra-rounding the penetrating spermatozoon. The head portion of the penetrating spermatozoon was completely wrapped by the ess surface with only the tail portion visible externally 30 seconds after insemination. The fertilization cone displayed the tail portion of the penetrating spermatozoon on the central portion of its surface 60 seconds after insemination. 150 seconds after insemination, breakdown of the cortical granules elevation were initiated at the animal pole, then completed at the vegetable pole area. The spermatozoon disappeared from the outer surface of the ess before the fertilization cone completely retracted 250 seconds after insemination. In result, the block to polvspermv to permit entry of a sin81e sperm is considered to be mechanical by the rnorpholoSical design of the micropvle and fertilization cone.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to investigate the fertilization and the size of mature female and male gametophytic parts of Pulsatilla koreana after artificial pollination. The size of pollen is $26.5{\mu}m$ at the time of anther dehiscence, that is, about $3{\sim}4$ days after pollination. Synergid nucleus, egg nucleus, and polar nucleus are 10.0, 15.0, and $32.5{\mu}m$ respectively at the time of completing egg apparatus formation, that is, about 2 days after pollination. Poller tubes germinate on stigma about 10 hours, passing lower part of style about 30 hours, penetrating into micropyle about 35 hours after pollination. Sperm nucleus penetrates into polar nucleus about 40 hours and egg cell about 48 hours after pollination. But, there seems to be different among the individuals. Multinuclei and multinucleoli are formed in egg cell, synergid, and polar nucleus about the time of fertilization. Proembryo is formed about 4 days, being changed to large globular form about $6{\sim}8$ days after pollination. Endosperm nuclei divide into free nuclei after fertilization and change to cotyledon in gymnosperm. There seems to be same phenomena in Pulsatilla koreana.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.390-397
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• 2005

Background & Object: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of degree of fatigue and gastric motility, measured by EGG, with skin sympathetic tone or cardiovascular reactivity in patients with functional dyspepsia. Methods: Subjects were 56 patients with Functional dyspepsia and eight healthy people. Degree of fatigue was assessed by questionnaires consisting of subjective complaints of fatigue. Skin sympathetic tone was measured by Ryodoraku Score and Cardiovascular Reactivity was checked by Pulse diagnostic apparatus. Gastric motility was estimated by EGG. First, all patients were divided into two groups by Ryodoraku Score $40{\mu}A$(below and above). Second, they were subdivided into two groups by Cardiovascular Reactivity(decreased and increased or not decreased). Estimates were made on the extent differences of degree of fatigue or state of gastric motility in each group. Results: 1. Fatigue scores was significantly higher in females and in the Ryodoraku-Score-below-$40{\mu}A$ group. It was higher in the decreased cardiovascular reactivity group than the increased group, but to no significanct extent. Also, gastric motility was better in the Ryodoraku-Score-above-$40{\mu}A$, group than in the below group. Conclusions: These results suggest that degree of fatigue and gastric motility are associated with skin sympathetic tone, but not associated with cardiovascular reactivity, and that $40{\mu}A$ is a useful cutoff point in Ryodoraku Score for assessing degree of fatigue in functional dyspepsia patients.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.467-480
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• 2002

The development of the female gametophyte of Corydalis albipetala, C. ambigua, C. filistipes, C. nobilis, C. solida, C. ophiocarpa have been comparatively investigated using laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and light microscope. An archesporium was originated from one of the outmost parietal cells beneath the one-layered epidermis of protuberant nucellus, and acted directly as a megaspore mother cell (MMC). These species had linear tetrads after successional meiotic division during the megasprogenesis. A functional megasprore developed from one of the tetrad in the chalazal end, and the rest three being degenerated. The developmental type of the female gametophyte was monosporic in accordance with the Polygonum type. Prior to anthesis the female gametophyte was organized. So mature embryo sac was comprised a three-celled egg apparatus, three large antipodals were developed from the apex of each antipodal cell, and extended toward micropylar end to be contacted with egg apparatus. Two synergids were usually observed as degenerated condition, and in this time the apices of antipodal haustoria were connected with the degenerated synergids. The developmental characteristics of seven-nucleate female gametophytes were common in all the species investigated. But the shape of mature embryo sac was ovoidal in C. albipetala, C. filistipes, C. ophiocarpa and C. solida, reflexed in C. ambigua, and rather flattened ovoidal in C. nobilis. Also, the type of megasporangium was anatropous in all the species except C. ambigua with campylotropous ovule.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1605-1614
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• 2022

The strains associated with foodborne Salmonella enterica Thompson outbreaks in Korea have not been identified. Therefore, we characterized S. Thompson strains isolated from chocolate cakes linked to foodborne outbreaks in Korea. A total of 56 strains were isolated from preserved cake products, products in the supply chain distribution, the manufacturer's apparatus, and egg white liquid products used for cream preparation. Subsequently, serological typing, pathogenic gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) were performed to characterize these isolates. The antigen formula of all isolates was 7:k:1,5, namely Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson. All 56 isolates harbored invA, his, hin, and stn, and were negative for sefA and spvC based on gene-targeted PCR analyses. Based on PFGE results, these isolates were classified into one group based on the same SP6X01.011 pattern with 100% similarity. We selected 19 strains based on the region and sample type, which were subjected to wgMLST. Although the examined strains showed 100% similarity, they were classified into seven clusters based on allelic differences. According to our findings, the cause of these outbreaks was chocolate cake manufactured with egg white liquid contaminated with the same Salmonella Thompson. Additionally, comparative analysis of wgMLST on domestic isolates of S. Thompson from the three outbreaks showed genetic similarities of over 99.6%. Based on the results, the PFGE and wgMLST combination can provide highly resolved phylogeny and reliable evidence during Salmonella outbreak investigations.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2016

To develop cultivation technique for Acipenser ruthenus and secure basic taxonomic materials, this study examined egg development and larva morphological development. This study used a couple of male and female broodstork matured in a PVC circle water tank (Ø 5 m) with the water temperature of $16.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ in June 2005. They were oval opaque and sinking cohesive eggs and the sizes of them were between $3.83{\sim}3.85(3.84{\pm}0.01)mm$ (n=10). As for the egg development, the dry process was adopted with artificial insemination in this study, and an hour after the insemination, the embryo disks were developed, 31 hours after the insemination, they reached the end of gastrula stage, and 82 hours (50%) after the insemination, they were hatched. Right after the hatch, the total lengths of larvae were $10.1{\sim}10.3(10.2{\pm}0.11)mm$ (n=10) with big yolks in the venter. 17 days after the hatch, the total lengths of them were $26.2{\sim}32.4(29.3{\pm}4.39)mm$ (n=10) and in the front of a dorsal fin there were 11 scute scales that started to make tracing development. As 50 days after the hatch, the total lengths were $86.4{\sim}93.1(89.8{\pm}4.71)mm$ (n=10), and fin rays all reached integer, they were moved to the larva apparatus.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2003

In Vitro fertilization of U. unicinctus eggs observed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopes revealed an overview of the meiotic pattern of the tide animals. The eggs have been fertilized early at germinal vesicle stage, followed by germinal vesicle break down (GVBD), but pre-mitotic aster like structure could not be resolved by the methods employed in this work. The meiotic features, such as rotation-shift movement of spindle fibers, behavior of spermatozoonmonaster in the egg cytoplasm and active spindle fiber of the 1st polar body, have been observed. The antitubulin-FITC fluorescence show the 2nd meiotic apparatus appeared firstly parallel to the tangential line of the oolemma, proceeding the meiosis, its bipolarity is rotated and shifted towards the oolemma. The polar bodysite of the oolemma was not amorphous, but active in a sense of anti-tubulin-FITC reactions during the extrusions of the polar bodies. The immunofluorescence reactions of the spermatozoon centriole appeared at a later stage of the 2nd meiosis. During the time periods, the fertilized spermatozoon resided in the egg cytoplasm. Activating the centrioles, spermatozoon approaches towards the chromosomal materials of the 2nd oocyte. This suggests that spermatozoon centrioles initiate and play a roll to fuse male and female pronuclei.