• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 2006

Objectives: Recent studies have shown that tailoring to women's individual beliefs and stage of cancer screening adoption increase the probability that cancer screening will ensue. To identify variables associated with cancer screening behavior, many studies for cancer screening have used the Transtheoretical Model(TTM). This study was carried out to identity the cognitive and behavioral factors associated with breast cancer screening by stages of change among women, forties aged. Methods: Building on the TTM constructs, we collected the data to test the association with cognitive and behavioral factors for breast cancer screening by stage of change among women, forties aged (N=232), using the self-reported questionnaire. The stages of change were grouped according to screening participation and intention for breast cancer as precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. We found out the association between breast cancer screening and cognitive and behavioral factors, and testified the difference between stages of change by chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple comparison analysis(Duncan test). Results: Analyses of 232 women showed that participation on mammography was 68.1% within lifetime and 46.1% within last 2 years, and we found out the association with breast cancer screening participation, intention and cognitive-behavioral factors. The stages of change based on participation and intention were different from the decisional balance, the screening attitude, and the self-efficacy(p<0.01). The decisional balance was differ from stages of change because the difference on opinions about pros(positives) and cons(negative) were likely to significant by stages of change(p<0.05, p<0.01). Conclusion: To increase the screening rate for breast cancer, it should be developed the tailored message and recommend guideline. And the tailored message should be designed to increase the pros of breast cancer screening(mammography) and to decrease the cons, and considered the woman's stage of adoption.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2005

Objectives: Recent studies have shown that tailored messages for cancer screening to the beliefs and stage of cancer screening behavior of individual women increases the take-up probability. Many studies on cancer screening have used the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to identify variables associated with cancer screening behavior. This study was carried out to identify the cognitive-behavioral factors associated with stomach cancer screening among women aged 40 years and over, and to develop and evaluate a tailored educational program for stomach cancer screening by stages of change. Methods: Building on the TTM constructs, we conducted a quasi-experimental study(N=283) to test the effectiveness of a tailored educational program for endoscopic stomach cancer screening. We carried out pre and post tests in the experimental group(N=162) and the control group(N=121), and the experimental group was subdivided into an on-line group(N=81) and an off-line group(N=81) by educational methodology using e-mail and the postal service. We used the chi-square test, trend test, and paired t-test to test the effectiveness of the program for stomach cancer using a tailored stage-matched messages. Results: To examine the effectiveness of the program for stomach cancer screening by the tailored stage-matched messages, the stage-matched materials were offered to the experimental group(N=162) four times for 4 weeks. The stage-matched materials consisted of the four types for stomach cancer. The tailored message was effective in changing the cognitive-behavioral factors, such as experience process, behavior process, con opinion for stomach cancer, self-efficacy, and the behavioral stages for stomach cancer screening. The stomach cancer screening adherence was higher for the stage-matched materials using postal mail than for those using e-mail. Conclusion: To improve the stomach cancer screening rate, the use of tailored messages for stomach cancer screening will be generated using an expert system. Therefore the implementation of tailored educational program will be supported a partnership between public and private health organizations and increasing awareness of the necessity of community-based interventions.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Purpose: Meconium-related ileus is common in preterm infants. Without proper management, it can cause necrotizing enterocolitis and perforation requiring emergent operation. This study was conducted to describe the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided Gastrografin enema at bedside for preterm infants with meconium-related ileus. Methods: Between March 2013 and December 2014, this study enrolled preterm infants with birth weight <1,500 g, who were diagnosed with meconium-related ileus requiring ultrasound-guided Gastrografin enema refractory to glycerin or warm saline enemas. Gastrografin was infused until it passed the ileocecal valve with ultrasound guidance at bedside. Results: A total of 13 preterm infants were enrolled. Gestational age and birth weight were 28.6 weeks (range, 23.9-34.3 weeks) and 893 g (range, 610-1,440 g), respectively. Gastrografin enema was performed around postnatal day 8 (range, day 3-11). The success rate was 84.6% (11 of 13 cases). Three of these 11 infants received a second procedure, which was successful. Among 2 unsuccessful cases, one failed to pass meconium while the other required surgery due to perforation. The time required to pass meconium was $2.8{\pm}1.5hours$ (range, 1-6 hours). The time until radiographic improvement was $2.8{\pm}3.4days$ (range, 1-14 days) after the procedure. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided Gastrografin enema at bedside as a first-line treatment to relieve meconium-related ileus was effective and safe for very low birth weight infants. We could avoid unnecessary emergent operation in preterm infants who have high postoperative morbidity and mortality. This could also avoid transporting small preterm infants to fluoroscopy suite.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.92-95
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• 2011

Pyrophosphates are the key intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, and their concentrations could reveal the benefits of statins in cardiovascular diseases. Quantitative analysis of five pyrophosphates, including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. After dilution with methanol, samples were separated on a 3 ${\mu}m$ particle multi-modal $C_{18}$ column ($50{\times}2$ mm) and quantified within 10 min. The gradient elution consists of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate and 0.5% triethylamine (TEA) in water and 0.1% TEA in 80% acetonitrile was used at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Overall recoveries were 51.4-106.6%, while the limit of quantification was 0.05 ${\mu}g$/mL for GPP and FPP and 0.1 ${\mu}g$/mL for IPP, DMAPP, and GGPP. The precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) of the assay were 1.9-12.3% and 89.6-111.8%, respectively, in 0.05-10 ${\mu}g$/mL calibration ranges ($R^2$ > 0.993). The devised LC-MS/MS technique with the multi-modal $C_{18}$ column can be used to estimate the biological activity of pyrophosphates in plasma and may be applicable to cardiovascular events with cholesterol metabolism as well as the drug efficacy of statins.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.858-865
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• 2015

The study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of current nutrition labeling of processed foods and examine awareness among university students of nutrition information given current nutrition labels, and also awareness of the one-serving size of snacks that come in differently sized packages. A total of 100 students in Chungbuk, Korea participated in this study. About 60% of the subjects knew about nutrition labeling; however, a very small percentage (11%) of the subjects reported an experience of being educated about nutrition labeling. Also, just 32% of the students checked nutrition labels when they purchased processed foods. When understanding of nutrition information on labels of snacks in differently sized packaging was tested, over 80% of the subjects understood nutrition information accurately. Five different package sizes were studied. Of these 5, packages containing about 200% of one standard serving showed the highest rate of misunderstanding of total energy contents per container. Interestingly, the students most strongly preferred containers that contained 300% of one standard serving. From these results, we conclude that students consider the current recommendation for a serving size to be small, which may be related to misreading of nutrition labels of snacks that come in packages containing less than 300% of one standard serving size. To improve accurate understanding of nutrition labels of snacks, total package labels or dual column labels on packages containing less than 300% of one standard serving size should be considered.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.309-315
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• 2004

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens. Many hospitals are facing the problems which they have to use expensive antibiotics and suffer from long term hospital study of patients due to MRSA. This study is to survey MRSA nasal colonization of patients and doctors, and to investigate the mode of transmission of MRSA by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and then use these data to prevent further spread of cross infection and reduce nosocomial infection. Subjects of this study were 201 patients with MRSA infection at an university hospital in Busan from Sept. 1997 to Aug. 1998. Bacterial genotypes of MRSA strains isolated from nares and wound of patients (14 cases) and nares of doctors (8 cases) were analyzed by PFGE. Nasal cultures of 20 I patients for detecting nasal colonization of MRSA were performed and incidence rate of nasal colonization was 40％ (80/201). Among 201 patients MRSA were acquired from hospital in 140 (70％) patients and were acquired from community 61 (30％) patients. Among 14 pairs of MRSA from colonized or infected sites and anterior nares, DNA patterns of 10 pairs (71.4％) were equal. 86％ (12/14) MRSA strains isolated from patients and 12.5％ (1/8) MRSA strains isolated from doctors show same pattern. DNA patterns were changed in some doctors after nasal oint. Treatment. It could be inferred that the most sources of MRSA in hospital are the endemically existing MRSA. Therefore, we believe that it would be necessary to control MRSA nasal colonization of the patients and the related medical teams to reduce the medical cost and to improve the efficacy of medical cares.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 2018

Objective: Graves' disease, the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism, is a thyroid specific autoimmune disorder. When resistance to medication is shown in spite of long term therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy would be chosen in Western medicine. However, this therapy has often been reported to cause patients have hypothyroidism, thus requiring them to take levothyroxine for the rest of their lives. In this study, we evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Ahnjeonbaekho-tang (AJBHT) on patients with Graves' disease. Methods: We prescribed AJBHT for 3 months to two groups: patients who had been taking antithyroid drugs were administered AJBHT after discontinuing the antithyroid drugs ($Com-Tx{\rightarrow}Single-Tx$), and patients who had not been taking antithyroid drugs were started with AJBHT (Single-Tx) immediately. We evaluated the thyroidal function test (TFT) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for clinical symptoms for 3 months. Results: Serum T3 and fT4 were significantly decreased in both groups and remission rate of thyroidal hormones were significantly improved in the Single-Tx group. The clinical symptoms of palpitation, fatigue, and heat intolerance were significantly improved in both groups. In the safety analysis, all patients were in normal range of liver, renal function blood test and common blood count. Conclusion: From these results, we suggested that AJBHT was effective on TFT and clinical symptoms of Graves' disease. The study supports that AJBHT may be a useful agent for patients with Graves' disease who are resistant to antithyroid medication or radioactive iodine therapy, and for patients at first diagnosis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

Rituximab (RTX) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that inhibits CD20-mediated B-cell proliferation and differentiation. Several studies have examined its use in intractable nephrotic syndrome (NS) with some positive results. However, those studies examined such effects for a short-term period of 1 year, and some patients continued to relapse after a lapse in RTX treatment. Our use of RTX as a maintenance therapy (RTX injection when the CD19 cell count exceeded $100-200/{\mu}L$ before relapse) showed some noticeable efficacy. We used RTX in 19 patients with steroid-dependent NS (SDNS). In 12 patients treated with RTX maintenance therapy, only one relapse occurred. The mean treatment period was $23.4{\pm}12.7months$, and the mean number of RTX administrations was $3.9{\pm}1.6$. The relapse rates were decreased (from 2.68/year to 0.04/year), and the drug-free period also increased (from 22.5 days/year to 357.1 days/year) during maintenance therapy. The other seven patients were treated with one cycle of RTX or additional cycles in case of relapse (non-maintenance therapy). Relapse rates were significantly decreased after RTX treatment (from 1.76/year to 0.96/year, P=0.017). The relapse-free period was $15.55{\pm}7.38$ (range, 5.3-30.7) months. No severe side effects of RTX were found except for a hypersensitivity reaction such as fever and chills during its infusion. In conclusion, RTX is considered an effective and safe option to reduce the relapse rate by a single- or maintenance-interval therapy in SDNS.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 1982

To investigate the effect of 'Saengkankunbi-Tang' on the liver tissue recovery in about 70% cutted rat liver, the observation on the photographing by the Gamma-camera and the electromicroscopic section against the rabbit liver induced by $CCl_4$, these studies were conducted. The results were summarized as follows; Observed on the liver tissue recovery, function regeneration and body weight increase in about 70% cutted rat liver, the recovery of liver tissue and body weight were increased with the passage of the time and also they were showed to the high increase rate in proportion to administration amount. The glucose content in the serum was found in increasing tide as compared with the control group. The alkaline phosphate activity in the serum showed the significant difference in the 10th day and 13th day as compared with the control group. The ammonia content in the blood showed the significant difference only in the 10th day. Observed on the photographing by the Gamma-camera against the rabbit liver induced by $CCl_4$, sample groups were shown to be significant recovery as compared with the control group. Observed on the electromicroscopic section, sample groups showed the control action of the nuclear destruction against the rabbit liver induced by $CCl_4$ and also they showed the control action of the expansion of glycogen and granular endothelial reticulum in cytoplasm. According to the above finding, it is presume that 'Saengkankunbi-Tang' can be applicable to the extensive treatment of liver disease.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.117-126
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• 2015

Reductive degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of using it for in-situ groundwater remediation. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the kinetics and efficiency of RDX removal by nZVI, and to determine the effects of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ionic strength on this process. Experimental results showed that the reduction of RDX by nZVI followed pseudo-first order kinetics with the observed rate constant (k_obs) in the range of 0.0056-0.0192 min⁻¹. Column tests were conducted to quantify the removal of RDX by nZVI under real groundwater conditions and evaluate the potential efficacy of nZVI for this purpose in real conditions. In column experiment, RDX removal capacity of nZVI was determined to be 82,500 mg/kg nZVI. pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and DO concentration varied significantly during the column experiments; the occurrence of these changes suggests that monitoring these quantities may be useful in evaluation of the reactivity of nZVI, because the most critical mechanisms for RDX removal are based on the chemical reduction reactions. These results revealed that nZVI can significantly degrade RDX and that use of nZVI could be an effective method for in-situ remediation of RDX-contaminated groundwater.