• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2024

As global warming worsens, it is feared that higher ambient temperatures and relative humidity might result in a more intense heat stress for livestock animals, especially broilers, which lack sweat glands for thermoregulation and have been selectively bred for rapid growth. Therefore, strategic livestock management is needed to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on broilers. In Korea's poultry farming systems, tunnel-ventilated broiler houses and pad cooling systems are commonly installed to lower indoor temperatures during the summer. However, caution is advised with pad cooling systems as they can increase the humidity inside the houses, potentially causing further harm. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pad cooling systems in tunnel-ventilated broiler house by assessing the reduction in indoor temperature using the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), which accounts for the impact of relative humidity. Temperature and humidity data were collected during the summer (Jun to Sep) from eight farms with tunnel-ventilated broiler house located in different regions of Korea. The farms were divided into two groups based on the use of pad cooling systems is used, and temperature and humidity data, along with THI values, were analyzed two weeks before the birds were marketed. Meta-analysis results showed that at the hottest time of the day, 14:00, farms with pad cooling systems had significantly lower indoor temperatures compared to the control group, but observed an increase in indoor temperatures by 16:00 (p<0.05). There is no significant difference in relative humidity (p>0.05). The THI values decreased in the treatment group with cooling pads compared to the control group starting from 15:00, suggesting a diminished effect (p<0.05). This study indicates the potential for developing optimal operational guidelines for cooling pads to reduce heat stress in broilers during the summer season.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.255-264
• /
• 2022

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with ginseng by-products on growth, organ development, blood biochemical profiles, immune response, and stress parameter of broilers reared in high ambient temperatures. One hundred one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were used. At week two, the birds were randomly allocated into five dietary groups; control (CON), 0.5% ginseng berry (GB1), 1.0% ginseng berry (GB2), 0.5% ginseng leaves and stems (GLS1), and 1.0% ginseng leaves and stems (GLS2). The temperature was maintained at 32±1℃from 9 AM to 5 PM. Growth, serum immunoglobulins and corticosterone levels were monitored and analyzed. No significant differences among groups were observed in growth. However, during the finisher period (21~35d) and overall period (7~35 d), body weight gain in all supplemented groups tended higher than CON group. Blood biochemical profiles did not significantly differ among treatment groups except in bilirubin level. Serum immunoglobulins and corticosterone level showed no significant differences among groups. IgM and IgG levels were numerically higher in GLS1 than in other groups, but the difference was not significant. Corticosterone level also tended lower in all supplemented groups than in CON group, and larger decreases were observed in groups with higher ginseng by-product concentration. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of ginseng by-products shows potential to reduce heat stress in growing broilers with no negative effect on productivity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 2018

Recently, the importance of flame retardation treatment technology has been emphasized due to the increase in urban fire accidents and fire damage incidents caused by building exterior materials. Particularly, in the utilization of wood-based building materials, the flame retarding treatment technology is more importantly evaluated. An Intumescent system is one of the non-halogen flame retardant treatment technologies and is a system that realizes flame retardancy through foaming and carbonization layer formation. To apply the Intumescent system, composite material was prepared by using Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a matrix. To enhance the flame retardant properties of the Intumescent system, a nano-clay was applied together. Composite materials with Intumescent system and nano - clay technology were processed into sheet - like test specimens, and then a new structure of cross laminated timber with improved flame retardant properties was fabricated. In the evaluation of combustion characteristics of composite materials using Intumescent system, it was confirmed that the maximum heat emission was reduced efficiently. Depending on the structure attached to the surface, the CLT had two stages of combustion. Also, it was confirmed that the maximum calorific value decreased significantly during the deep burning process. These characteristics are expected to have a delayed combustion diffusion effect in the combustion process of CLT. In order to improve the performance, the flame retardation treatment technique for the surface veneer and the optimization technique of the application of the composite material are required. It is expected that it will be possible to develop a CLT structure with improved fire characteristics.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose appropriate strategic directions and road maps for successful achievement of programs preventing winter disease in the summer. Methods : Details on programs preventing winter disease in the summer such as clear concept, theoretical basis, current status, intervention or available prescriptions and indication/contraindication/caution were prepared through the related journal review, upon which an observational study was devised and done for simulation to find out even a trivial problem and to guarantee the safety beforehand. The experimental group was divided into 5 groups by the size of pill and the way ginger is treated; 1cm pill with ginger group, 3cm pill group without ginger, 3cm pill group dipped into ginger, 3cm pill group applying ginger to acupoints and 3cm pill group with ginger Results 1. program preventing winter disease in the summer was defined as representative winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and preventive care in the summer, reinforcing deficient yang qi of five viscera by using exuberant yang qi from summer heat. 2. It was based upon historically established theories which is 'nourishing yang qi in the spring and summer', 'long summer, namely rainy spell in the summer overwhelms the winter, because of earth winning water according to the five phases theory' and 'To replenish yang qi is major principle to treat winter diseases, which can be most appropriately and timely applied to the patient with deficient yang qi of five viscera inherently, especially in the three dog days of the summer, because of exuberant exterior yang qi and deficient interior yang qi in the five viscera'. 3. In the adjacent China and Taiwan, acupoint applying method in the three dog days named 'San Fu Tie' have been stirring a boom throughout the nation, in which Xiaochuan Gao was used as a basic prescription and it mainly was applied at bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ for about 4 hours. As far as domestic current status, the necessity of adopting the above method prior to Herbal formula was also recognised, because not a few koreans have apprehension for the safety of it including medicinal herbs and are reluctant to take it any more due to negative advertisement of narrow minded doctors' association. 4. Indication of acupoint applying method in the three dog days included most of winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis. contraindication was pregnant woman and the weak such as infants and the old. More attention was paid to grasp firmly the normal reaction following the treatment for preventing side effect and teasing blister. recommendation was also given to abstain from food inducing phlegm and dampness such as meat, shrimp and crab as well as cold drinks and foods 5. In the simulation observational study based upon the above findings following review the related articles, no blister was shown on the acupoints icluding bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ in every experimental group during 24hr observation following the acupoint applying treatment with pills made by modified and devised prescription. At 4 hr, the effectiveness of it reached a peak showing redness and mild tenderness and there is little difference between groups 3cm pills groups regardless of the way ginger was treated. abdominal distention and growling was found in all the volunteers during the treatment at CV 8. Strategic directions and road maps : Through successful fulfillment of the program preventing winter disease in the summer, Korean traditional medicine should be integrated into mainstream national health care services. Cultural access was thought to be as important as Scientific EBM approach. First of all, To evoke potential cultural homogeneity from campaigns and press advertisement was needed for promoting public awareness about preventing winter disease in the summer by enhancing immunity via acupoint applying treatment in the three dog days, and then indigenous name as Sambokcheop, protocol, Clinical Research Form for data collection of it should be developed and prepared. Once the first step was taken this summer, through a thorough data collection and scrutinized scientific evaluation, drawbacks should be compensted for and the efficacy and safety should be substantiated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.946-951
• /
• 2005

In this wort plasma treatment was evaluated as an alternative clean desizing technology. Size materials such as PVA(polyvinyl alcohol), PACL(polyacrylic acid esters) and their mixture on PET(polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics were treated by $N_2$ and $O_2$ plasma. $O_2$ plasma was more efficient in size removal than $N_2$ plasma, and the removal of PVA was higher than that of PACL. SEM(scanning emission microscopy) pictures of the plasma treated samples directly proved the disappearance of sizing agents. After $O_2$ plasma treatment, the PET fabrics were subjected to conventional desizing process. Compared with untreated fabrics, the desizing effluent from the treated fabrics gave lower TOC, COD and $BOD_5$ values. This indicates plasma treatment not only serves to directly remove sizing agents but also offered several advantages by changing the chemical properties of sizing agents. Lastly, the effect of plasma desizing process on dyeing was examined using color difference and dyeing fastness tests. The CCM(computer color matching) results showed rotor difference between PET fabric desized by $O_2$ plasma treatment for 20 min and reference PET fabric desized by the conventional wet desizing process was around 1. This suggests the treated PET fabric can be directly subjected to dyeing process without any additional process. The plasma treated fabric also gave a good result of dyeing fastness so that grades of laundering, crocking, heat and light fastness were same or even better than the reference PET fabric did.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1361-1368
• /
• 2018

Inflammation is the most common condition in the human body. Tissue damage triggers inflammation, together with vasodilation and increased blood flow at the inflamed site, resulting in edema. Inflammatory responses are also triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive organism, has been reported to possess immunomodulatory and preventive activities; however, its use may present risks of sepsis and other systemic infections. Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has been reported to induce antitumor activity, but its effects on inflammation are not known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EF-2001 on LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. EF-2001 treatment reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, indicating suppression of inflammatory reactions. EF-2001 showed no cytotoxicity in macrophages. Further investigation of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EF-2001 indicated that EF-2001 reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. EF-2001 also reduced f the LPS induction of several inflammatory molecules involved in the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation, in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, EF-2001 inhibited Akt phosphorylation and increased the expression of the inhibitory ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B$) protein, an inhibitor of $NF-{\kappa}B$. EF-2001 also inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65. These results suggest that EF-2001 has anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful for treating inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.126-140
• /
• 1977

Present studies were carried out for breeding cold resistant clones of Citrus, improving overwintering techniques of Citrus in Jeju island as well as other southern region, Result obtained were as follows 1. In the vinyl house covered with two sheets of straw mat, 12 indivuals were found as non-injury and 15 were slightly injured by leaf freeging test at $-9^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours treatment. 2. In the condition of vinyl house covered with straw mat and viny film mulching and heat-in by sun-light, the inside temperature of vinyl house were not lowered below $-3^{\circ}C$ and the ground temperatura in vinyl house keeps above $0^{\circ}C$ during winter though outdoor temperature were lower by $-15^{\circ}C$(Daejeon area). 3. The vinyl tunnel inside the vinyl house and vinyl film mulching on ground position showed greater effectiveness for preventing heat loss from house but there were no significant difference between the color of vinyl film covered the tunnel. 4. In the vertical distribution of maximum temperature in vinyl house, the upper space was slightly higher than the lower position at high temperature condition, while minimum temperature was distributed as higher as the middle position, ground surface and upper position in order at low temperature condition 5. In the horizontal distribution of temperature in vinyl house, ground and surface-temperature of north side was lower than the other sides, and citrus planted within 30cm from north side wall died by cold injury and in the other side near wall appeared slight symptom of cold injury. 6. The insulating trench ($30{\times}30{\times}30cm$) packed with straw bundle installed under north wall might be effective to prevent heat loss of ground temperature. 7. In cloudy and snowy day, the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor were less, and the indoor temperature were maintained highly during night due to the effect of prevention of heat loss. 8. The highest temperature in a day was observed at about P.M. 3 both inside and outside of vinyl house and the lowest temperature was observed at about A.M. 6. The difference between the highest and lowest temperature of indoor in a sunny day was $19^{\circ}C$, compared with $9^{\circ}C$ on a cloudy or snowy day in late November. Especially, lowering of temperature in a snowy day was so less that the curve of temperature change was comparatively constant, 9. If the effective methods of citrus cultivation in vinyl house with improved clone such as hardiness. semi-dwarf and spur type are applied, it might be possible to cultivate the citrus tree safely in Jeju island as well as other southern rejion and to magnity the cultivation of citrus tree.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.115-129
• /
• 2000

The cause that the increase of animality fat intakes, under exercise, fatness, adding the stress, advanced age etc., the occurrence rate of the circulation system disease has been increased. And the thrombosis importantly came to the front as the risk factor of these circulation system's disease. Nowadays, the ischemic disease has especially discussed, for example the angina or myocardial infarction, originated in thrombosis that came from the platelet aggregation. In the western medicine, as the cure and prevention, using the aspirin or ticlopidine for platelet aggregation suppressant. But in the , the curing method must be used properly according to the pectoralgia or heartache's kind, state, grade. The platelet do not attache to the normal hemangioendothelial cell. But when it stimulated by endothelium peronia and so on, it attache to the injury endothelium or rise aggregation between the platelet. On this time, it secrete the platelet aggregation inducer as like ADP, thromboxane A2 from the inside of platelet. So it has first defensive function through the aggregation augment that prevent the celerity consumption of blood. But the activation of abnormal platelet occur the platelet grume and thrombogenesis. So it bring up the occlusive angiosis, so to speak, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, arterial sclerosis. In oriental medicine, the thrombosis in the category of blood stasis and this blood stasis present the generalise or local blood circulation disturbance that generated by all kinds of pathological fact or blood stream retention accompanying with a series of syndrome. As the syndrome, stabbing pain fixed at certain region, squamous and dry skin, fullness and pain of the chest and hypochondrium, firmness and fullness of the lower abdomen, black stool, dark purple tongue or with ecchymoses and petechiae etc.. has been created. And it becomes the pathopoiesis cause that the convulsion and palpitation, severe palpitatiion, tympanites, the symtom complex with a mass or swelling in the abdomen, insanity, stricken by wind etc.. Moreover, it used the drugs for invigorating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis or drugs for removing blood stasis for all kinds of syndrome through the blood stasis. And the drugs for activating the blood circulation, such as Salviae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Persicae Semen, Achyranthis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Carthami Flos are used for that. And it is used to the herbs of insects that has strong effect about the disintergrating blood stasis such as Hirudo, Scolopendrae Corpus, Buthus, Lumbricus etc.. On this study, It used Geijibokryunghwan(GBH) and the consisting herbs to investigate the influence of platelet aggregation about drugs that used to improvement various symptoms created by the thrombosis in oriental medicine. GBH formula has as formula recorded in the , action of 'eleminating the evil and not impairment of healthy energy' and 'promoting the flow of QI and cold and heat, so used for the expel blood stasis herbs from the ancient. Therefore we investigated the restraint effect of GBH and the consisting herbs about the platelet agregation induced to the ADP, AA or collagen. The conclusion is following. 1. When it added the aggregation inducer after that it added GBH and individual consisting herbs in the PRP, GBH showed the (+) inhibition effect on the platelet aggregation and it showed the (+) inhibition effect in the individual consisting herbs as like Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Cortex Radicis. 2. It showed the (+), (+,++) inhibition effect on the platelet aggregation in Paeoniae Radix Hoelen, Paeoniae Radix Moutan Cortex Radicis, Hoelen Moutan Cortex Radicis etc. 3. In the aggregation inhibition activating on the difference of density, GBH showed strong inhibition effect to the aggregation state induced to collagen, and it showed the inhibition effect in the individual consisting herbs as like Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Cortex Radicis about the aggregation induced by the collagen. 4. It showed the strong inhibition effect about the aggregation induced by the collagen in Paeoniae Radix Hoelen, Paeoniae Radix Moutan Cortex Radicis, Hoelen Moutan Cortex Radicis etc Like this, as confirm GBH and the individual consisting herb's inhibition effect of platelet aggregation, We considerated that GBH and the individual consisting herbs have practical applicational value of clinical trial in the thrombosis caused by platelet aggregation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.609-617
• /
• 2000

This study is aimed at investigating an effect of HCl gas on selective reduction of NOx over a CuHM and $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst. SCR process is the most effective method to remove NOx, but catalyst can be deactivated by the acidic gas such as HCl gas which is also included in flue gas from the incinerator. In dry condition of flue gas, the CuHM catalyst treated by HCl gas has shown higher NO removal activity than the fresh catalyst. The activity of the catalyst can be restored by treating at $500^{\circ}C$. On the contrary. $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst is obviously deactivated by HCl and the deactivation increases in proportion to the concentration of HCl gas. The deactivated catalyst is not restored to it's original activity by heat treatment for regeneration. In wet flue gas stream, the CuHM catalyst has shown lower activity than fresh catalyst and $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst was severely deactivated by HCl treatment. The activity loss of catalysts are mainly due to the decrease of Br$\ddot{o}$nsted acid site on the catalyst surface by $NH_3$ TPD. The change of BET surface area of CuHM catalyst after the reaction isn't observed but $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst is observed. The amount of $Cu^{{+}{+}}$ and $V_2O_5$ is decreased after the reaction. From these results, it is expected that CuHM catalyst should be better than $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst for its application to the incineration of flue gas.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 1974

Many of studies on the transovarial transmission of occult virus and their activation due to various stresses such as cold or heat treatment, chemical feeding, and nutritional deficiency, etc., in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. have been made, but any attempts have been not made to control virus diseases by detection of the occult virus-carried moths in the production of silkworm egg of hybrids, because of difficulty to detect occult virus in any stage. Therefore, it may be worth while to disclose whether a sublethal infection of the moths from which active virus are detectable, has the same level of induction rate as that of occult virus activation, thus to apply its results for the reduction of the occurence of virus diseases in silkworm rearing. For these purposes, the following experiment was conducted as one of preliminary steps. In this study, investigations on the generation-to-generation transmission of occult virus and a sublethal infection, and the role of chromosomal gene of the host, Jam 103 and Jam 104 in the Previous generation, and Jam 103 x Jam 103 and Jam 104 f Jam 104 in the next generation were made for the induction of virus diseases due to the transmitted virus. The frequency of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis due to the induction in the F$_1$ generation was markedly higher in the cross-batches, male$\times$female and male$\times$female in which inoculated individuals were used as fem ale parents than in the cross-batches, male$\times$female and male$\times$female in which virus has been not inoculated or inoculated only to male in the previous generation. The tendency of increasing rate was observed in any treatments; such as the inoculations of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (10$\^$5/, 10$\^$6/ 10$\^$7, and 10$\^$8//ml ill different concentration of inocula) , cold-treatment (5$^{\circ}C$, 12hrs or 24hrs), and formalin-feeding treatment (2％ or 3％). The shape of polyhedra (tetragonal in outline) examined in the F, larvae was identified as that of the inoculated polyhedra with partial application of immunofluorescent techniques. These results suggests that the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in B. meri L. are transmitted to the next generation through the egg, apparently in the occult state. And the experimental results of various cross-batches revealed the egg cytoplasm plays an important part i the transmission of the occult virus of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,