• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.289-302
• /
• 2022

This study examined the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression and somatic symptoms. The sample comprised 2,589 first-grade middle-school students who completed the 2018 Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (the generalized linear model), multiple regression, and quantile regression analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, 15.15% of adolescents reported depression symptoms, and 15.57% reported somatic symptoms. Second, levels of depression were significantly different among classes with a different level of private educational expenditure. Third, depression level was significantly negatively associated with private educational expenditure, in that the higher the private educational expenditure, the lower the depression level. Fourth, the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression was significant at the 70~90th quantile regression, suggesting that private educational expenditure was associated with a higher level of depression symptoms. The results indicate that private education was viewed as a consumption commodity rather than a complementary educational practice or investment in human capital. Private education as a commodity might induce the highly developed and costly private education market. In turn, there is an increased financial burden for education at one end of the social-economic continuum and depression caused by relative deprivation at the other end.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the satisfaction level of dental hygienists with supplementary education. The subjects in this study were 305 dental hygienists, on whom a survey was conducted from September 26 to December 10, 2009. Methods : The instrument used in this study was questionnaires that consisted of three sections: educational environments, the content and method of education, and educational administration. Results : The findings of the study were as follows: 1. In terms of satisfaction level with supplementary education, they gave a mean of 3.13, which was on the average. The dental hygienists who worked in public dental clinics, who had a 10 years or more of career and who worked in the provinces expressed more satisfaction. 2. In terms of satisfaction level with educational environments, they gave a mean of 3.22. They were most gratified with lecturers(3.34), and they expressed the least satisfaction with educational opportunities(3.14). 3. In terms of satisfaction level with the content and method of education, they gave a mean of 3.15. They were most contented with the professionalism of education, and they expressed the least satisfaction with the ratio of theory and practice(2.92). 4. In terms of satisfaction level with educational administration, they gave a mean of 3.02. They were most satisfied with the application procedure(3.22), and they expressed the least satisfaction with educational cost and publicity(2.91). Conclusions : Educational institutions that provide supplementary education should reinforce small-group supplementary education for each district, provide systematic practice-centered educational programs and offer streamlined administration service to boost the satisfaction level of dental hygienists.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.161-182
• /
• 2000

This study is to develop assessment framework, test items and questionnaire for the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA), which administered in the elementary and secondary schools across the country in this year(2000). According to the first year study result of the NAEA, the test was administered in two core subjects, Mathematics and Social Studies. In this study, test items and sets of questionnaire and administered pretest were developed in the last year. In this year, the NAEA was administered with the adjusted test items and questionnaires and the results was analyzed and would be reported to the public. NAEA was developed on the basis of national curriculum, especially of the nature and objectives of subject curriculum in Mathematics (and also Social Studies). In the framework of assessment, we set up four differentiated levels of student achievement: 'under basic', 'basic', 'intermediary', and 'advanced'. Here 'the intermediary level' means the level of educational achievement in which students can understand average content of subject curriculum. 'Advanced level' indicates the level of educational achievement in which students master all the content of subject curriculum and apply basic concepts and principles to a variety of situations. 'The basic level' means the level of educational achievement in which students do not achieve the intermediary level. Students who do not understand average content of subject curriculum are classified as belonging to the basic level. Finally, this study would explain how to administer and analyze the test in the future. The test result was analyzed to report students' educational achievement according to regions, content areas, behavioral characteristics, and etc. This study would show how to report test result\ulcorner and how to set up students' academic achievement.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the eating habits and attitudes by socioeconomic factors(sex, age, educational level and annual family income) of adults in rural areas. The survey was administered by the nationwide 580 adult persons in rural in February 2001. The survey was conducted by a questionnaire that was composed of 20 items of likert-type scale. These data were analyzed by using SPSS(version 10.0) PC package and were expressed by mean and frequency. The results are following : 1) The degree of efforts to eating safe and fresh food were significantly different according to age(p<0.05), educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001). 2) The degree of efforts to nutritional balanced diet were significantly different by age(p<0.05) and annual family income(p<0.00l). 3) The concern about overeating of energyㆍsaltㆍfat were increased as the educational level goes up(p<0.001). 4) Meal regularity was more regular as age goes up(p<0.05). 5) Regarding for eating a variety of food were differed significantly by age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.01). 6) There are significantly different in duration of meal time of the subjects by sex(p<0.001), age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 7) Preference for snacks was significantly different by age (p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 8) There were significant differences in preference for processed foods(p<0.001) and frequency of using a chemical seasoning in cooking(p<0.05) of the subjects by educational level. 9) As the age(p<0.001) goes up and the educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001) goes down, they did not recognize the necessity for improving eating habits. According to these results, there were differences in eating habits between socioeconomic characteristics group in rural area. Therefore, this study can be used as basic data for specific nutritional intervention program in rural areas.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.137-150
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of the proporation of household expenditure item and the subjective burden of household due to the private educational expenses. The data used in this study included 761 housewives who have a child of the second grade or fourth grade of primary-school in Seoul. The findings of this study are as follows: First these six variables-educational level of mother household income place of residence grade of child number of child and the expected educational level of child-have significant effects on the private educational expenses. Second the proporation of food expense housing expense clothing expense and miscellaneous expense significantly differ with respect to the private educational expenses. Generally the proporation of household expenditure item and subjective burden are influenced more by the private educational expenses for school work than by the private educational expenses for talent.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.38 no.9
• /
• pp.93-106
• /
• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to examine the adolescents'stress and social supports and the relationships of there two factors. Specifically, this study investigated the adolescents'stress and social supports depending on their sex, family status, socio-economic status. The subjects of this study were 467 middle school students in Pusan. Questionnaires were used consisting of adolescents'perceived stress and social supports for data analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$-coefficient, frequency distribution, percentage, Oneway-ANOVA, t-test and Pearson's γ-coefficient were used. Major findings were as follows: Adolescents'stress were significantly different depending on their sex, father's educational level, family income and family intimacy The source of the adolescents'social support sources were different depending on their sex, family status, father's educational level, mother's educational level, family income and family intimacy. Adolescents'social support types were different depending on family status, lather educational level, mother educational level, father\`s job, family income and family intimacy. There were negative correlation between stress and social supports.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 2002

Objective : To investigate the relationships of occupational class, educational level and deprivation with mortality in Korea Methods : This study used existing South Korean national data on occupation, educational level, and deprivation and death. Mortality was investigated using registered death data from 1993 to 1997 obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office (NSO) with denominators drawn from the 1995 Census. Statistical analysis consisted of poisson regression modeling and multilevel analysis. Results : The lower occupational class (manual workers) group had a higher mortality rate than the higher occupational class (non-manual workers) group Educational level, and deprivation were both inversely related withand mortality. Occupation was strongly associated with education. Area-based deprivation indicators and individual indices for social class made an independent contribution to the mortality risk. Conclusions : The findings of this study suggests that the relationships of occupational class, educational level and deprivation with mortality appears to be stronger in Korea than in European countries.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.135-143
• /
• 2012

Discourse is regarded as an important component of communication assessment, but studies about the discourse characteristics of the elderly are scant. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of aging, gender, and educational level on discourse in elderly people with normal cognitive function. Forty normal elderly and forty young people participated in this study. A picture description task (Boston Cookie-Theft picture) was used to examine discourse function. The description task was analyzed for both productivity (total number of sentences, total number of syllables, and syllables per sentence) and semantics (CIU ratio). The results were as follows: 1) Only CIU ratio differed significantly according to age. 2) In the total number of syllables and syllables per sentence, females demonstrate a higher number than males. 3) The CIU ratio differed significantly according to educational level. These results suggest that impairment of communicative function is an aspect of cognitive impairment that can be related to aging. Also, discourse performance in the elderly is associated with their gender and educational level.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.31-48
• /
• 1999

This research was to assess the high school girls' need about the computer assisted instruction(CAI) in the Home Economics Curriculum. In One-way ANOVA, the high school girls' need about the CAI differs in the educational level of the father and the mother, the preference for the Home Economics, the involvement with the Home Economics and the preference for a teaching method of Home Economics. MCA was done to assess the independent explanatory power of predictory variables. The educational level of father and mother were included separately in different model. The MCA that the educational level of father was included in, The most influential variable was the preference for the Home Economics and the involvement with Home Economics was the second. The MCA that the educational level of mother was included in, The most influential variable was the preference for the Home Economics and the educational level of mother was the second.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.169-186
• /
• 2023

The research aimed to identify the effectiveness of an educational program using 3D glasses as a technological innovation on academic achievement and attitude towards elearning in science in the preparatory stage. The research relied on the analytical descriptive approach and the semi-experimental approach. The research tools were the achievement test and the scale of attitude towards e-learning. An educational program was designed and produced using 3D glasses. The study sample consisted of 60 students from the second grade in the preparatory stage at the Rural Jeddah School. The research concluded to the following results: There was a satistically sigificant difference at the level of sig. (0.05) among the -mean scores of the experiemtal and control group students in the post assessment atthe level of achievement in favor of the experiemental group and therewas a satistically sigificant difference at the level of sig. (0.05) among mean scores of the experiemtal and control group students in the post assessment at the level of attitude towards e-learning in favor of the experiemental group. And it was found that the positive effect of the 3D educational program for improving the level of achievement and the attitude towards e-learning for the students. The program allowed the experimental group students to practice self-learning, interaction, and achievement according to the individual differences among them.