• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2018

Cell cycle dysfunction can cause severe diseases, including neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling the G1 phase of the cell cycle are prevalent in various cancers. Mice lacking the tumor suppressors $p16^{Ink4a}$ (Cdkn2a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a), $p19^{Arf}$ (an alternative reading frame product of Cdkn2a,), and $p27^{Kip1}$ (Cdkn1b, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1b) result in malignant progression of epithelial cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, respectively. Here, we generated knockout mouse models for each of these three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors using engineered nucleases. The $p16^{Ink4a}$ and $p19^{Arf}$ knockout mice were generated via transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and $p27^{Kip1}$ knockout mice via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). These gene editing technologies were targeted to the first exon of each gene, to induce frameshifts producing premature termination codons. Unlike preexisting embryonic stem cell-based knockout mice, our mouse models are free from selectable markers or other external gene insertions, permitting more precise study of cell cycle-related diseases without confounding influences of foreign DNA.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2020

Direct injection of genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos has been widely used to generate genetically engineered pigs. The approach allows us to produce pigs carrying targeted modifications at high efficiency without having to apply somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the targeted modifications during embryogenesis often result in mosaicism, which causes issues in phenotyping founder animals and establishing a group of pigs carrying intended modifications. This study was aimed to establish a genomic PCR and sequencing system of a single blastomere in the four-cell embryos to detect potential mosaicism. We performed genomic PCR in four individual blastomeres from four-cell embryos. We successfully amplified target genomic region from single blastomeres of 4-cell stage embryo by PCR. Sanger sequencing of the PCR amplicons obtained from the blastomeres suggested that PCR-based genotyping of single blastomere was a feasible method to determine mutation type generated by genome editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9 in early stage embryos. In conclusion, we successfully genotyped single blastomeres in a single 4-cell stage embryo to detect potential mosaicism in porcine embryos. Our approach offers a simple platform that can be used to screen the prevalence of mosaicism from designed CRISPR/Cas9 systems.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제36권
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• pp.241-270
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• 2014

The aim of this article is to review the traditional methodologies of teaching translation that concentrate on text-typologies and, as an alternative, to propose an eclectic multi-componential approach that involves a set of interdisciplinary skills with a view to improving the trainee translators' competences and skills. To this end, three approaches, namely a minimalist approach, a pre-transferring adjustment approach and a revision vs. editing approach are proposed to shift the focus of attention from teacher-centred approaches towards student-centred approaches. It has been shown that translator training programmes need to focus on improving the trainee translators' competences and skills, such as training them how to produce and select among the different versions they produce by themselves with justified confidence as quickly as they can (minimalist approach), adjust the original text semantically, syntactically and/or textually in a way that the source text supplely accommodates itself in the linguistic system of the target language (pre-transferring adjustment), and revise and edit others' translations. As the validity of the approach proposed relies partially on instructors' competences and skills in teaching translation, universities, particularly in the Arab world, need to invest in recruiting expert practitioners instead of depending mainly on bilingual teachers to teach translation.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.114-117
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• 2022

Lindera angustifolia is mainly distributed in the temperate climate zone of China but shows an extraordinary distribution, disjunctively isolated on the western coastal islands of Korea. We therefore present the complete chloroplast genome of Korean L. angustifolia. The complete plastome was 152,836 bp in length, with an overall GC content of 39.2%. A large single copy (93,726 bp) and a small single copy (18,946 bp) of the genome were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (20,082 bp). The genome consists of 125 genes, including 81 protein-coding, eight ribosomal RNA, and 36 transfer RNA genes. While five RNA editing genes (psbL, rpl2, ndhB×2, and ndhD) were identified in L. angustifolia from China, the "ndhD" gene was not recognized as an RNA editing site in the corresponding Korean individual. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that Korean L. angustifolia is most closely related to the Chinese L. angustifolia with strong bootstrap support, forming a sister group of L. glauca.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 1997년도 Proceedings International Workshop on New Video Media Technology
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• pp.75-81
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• 1997

A new DTPP (Desk-Top Program Production) system has been developed that enables multiple program producers (directors) working at different locations to collaborate over a computer network and prepare a single program for broadcasting. In this system, information is shared among users by exchanging data edited on non-linear editing terminals in program post-production work over a network in real time. In short, the new DTPP system provides a collaborative work space for producing TV programs. The system does not make use of a special server for collaborative work but rather multiple interconnected editing terminals having the same functions. In this configuration, data at a terminal which has just been edited by some operation is forwarded to all other connected terminals for updating. This form of information sharing, however, requires that some sort of data synchronizing method be established since multiple terminals are operating on the same data simultaneously. We therefore adopt a method whereby the system synchronizes the clocks on each terminal at the time of connection and sends an operation time stamp together with edited data. This enables most recently modified data to be identified and all information on all terminals to be updated appropriately. This paper provides an overview of this new collaborative DTPP system and describes the techniques for exchanging edited data and synchronizing data.

• BMB Reports
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2024

The fatty acids content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil is 80-90% ricinoleic acid, which is a hydroxy fatty acid (HFA). The structures and functional groups of HFAs are different from those of common fatty acids and are useful for various industrial applications. However, castor seeds contain the toxin ricin and an allergenic protein, which limit their cultivation. Accordingly, many researchers are conducting studies to enhance the production of HFAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant for oil crops. Oleate 12-hydroxylase from castor (RcFAH12), which synthesizes HFA (18:1-OH), was transformed into an Arabidopsis fae1 mutant, resulting in the CL37 line producing a maximum of 17% HFA content. In addition, castor phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-2 (RcPDAT1-2), which catalyzes the production of triacylglycerol by transferring HFA from phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol, was transformed into the CL37 line to develop a P327 line that produces 25% HFA. In this study, we investigated changes in HFA content when endogenous Arabidopsis PDAT1 (AtPDAT1) of the P327 line was edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The successful mutation resulted in three independent lines with different mutation patterns, which were transmitted until the T4 generation. Fatty acid analysis of the seeds showed that HFA content decreased in all three mutant lines. These findings indicate that AtPDAT1 as well as RcPDAT1-2 in the P327 line are involved in transferring and increasing HFAs to triacylglycerol.

• BMB Reports
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2024

Directed evolution (DE) of desired locus by targeted random mutagenesis (TRM) tools is a powerful approach for generating genetic variations with novel or improved functions, particularly in complex genomes. TRM-based DE involves developing a mutant library of targeted DNA sequences and screening the variants for the desired properties. However, DE methods have for a long time been confined to bacteria and yeasts. Lately, CRISPR/Cas and DNA deaminase-based tools that circumvent enduring barriers such as longer life cycle, small library sizes, and low mutation rates have been developed to facilitate DE in native genetic environments of multicellular organisms. Notably, deaminase-based base editing-TRM (BE-TRM) tools have greatly expanded the scope and efficiency of DE schemes by enabling base substitutions and randomization of targeted DNA sequences. BE-TRM tools provide a robust platform for the continuous molecular evolution of desired proteins, metabolic pathway engineering, creation of a mutant library of desired locus to evolve novel functions, and other applications, such as predicting mutants conferring antibiotic resistance. This review provides timely updates on the recent advances in BE-TRM tools for DE, their applications in biology, and future directions for further improvements.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.952-959
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• 2023

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have garnered considerable interest for their potential to aid non-native English-speaking researchers. These models can function as personal, round-the-clock English tutors, akin to how Prometheus in Greek mythology bestowed fire upon humans for their advancement. LLMs can be particularly helpful for non-native researchers in writing the Introduction and Discussion sections of manuscripts, where they often encounter challenges. However, using LLMs to generate text for research manuscripts entails concerns such as hallucination, plagiarism, and privacy issues; to mitigate these risks, authors should verify the accuracy of generated content, employ text similarity detectors, and avoid inputting sensitive information into their prompts. Consequently, it may be more prudent to utilize LLMs for editing and refining text rather than generating large portions of text. Journal policies concerning the use of LLMs vary, but transparency in disclosing artificial intelligence tool usage is emphasized. This paper aims to summarize how LLMs can lower the barrier to academic writing in English, enabling researchers to concentrate on domain-specific research, provided they are used responsibly and cautiously.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.374-389
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• 2023

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, particularly malathion, parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, are widely used in both agricultural and residential contexts. This refractory quality is shared by certain organ phosphorus insecticides, and it may have unintended consequences for certain non-target soil species. Bioremediation cleans organic and inorganic contaminants using microbes and plants. Organophosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes can transform pesticide residues into non-hazardous byproducts and are increasingly being considered viable solutions to the problem of decontamination. When coupled with system analysis, the multi-omics technique produces important data for functional validation and genetic manipulation, both of which may be used to boost the efficiency of bioremediation systems. RNA-guided nucleases and RNA-guided base editors include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), which are used to alter genes and edit genomes. The review sheds light on key knowledge gaps and suggests approaches to pesticide cleanup using a variety of microbe-assisted methods. Researches, ecologists, and decision-makers can all benefit from having a better understanding of the usefulness and application of systems biology and gene editing in bioremediation evaluations.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2011

게임 레벨 디자인은 재미있는 게임 플레이를 위하여 매우 중요한 게임 제작 요소 중의 하나이며, 게임의 플레이가 이루어지는 공간의 구성 및 해당 맵의 제작, 세부적인 장치, 객체와 물체의 설정 및 배치, 배경 설정 및 이벤트 연출 등을 설계하는 과정이다. 게임 맵 디자인 과정은 다수의 3D 객체를 공간 속에 배치하고, 지속적인 평가, 수정 및 보완 과정을 통하여 게임 공간의 성능을 개선하여야 하므로, 그 과정에서 비용과 시간을 많이 사용하게 된다. 하지만 기존의 게임 제작 환경에서는 여러 개발자들이 공동으로 작업을 하게 되므로, 게임 공간 속의 객체 및 작업들에 대한 동시성 제어가 어려워서, 전반적인 작업의 일관성이 유지가 되지 못하는 문제가 발생하고 있으며, 또한 공동 편집 과정이 복잡해지면 공동 작업의 품질이 하락하는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 게임 맵 디자인을 위한 협업 가상 환경에서의 동시성 제어 및 공동 편집 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 계층 구조 기반의 객체들을 사용하고, 각 객체별 동시성 제어 기법을 제공한다. 또한 공동 편집 작업을 원활하게 수행하기에 필요한 소유권 관리 기반 Undo/Redo 메커니즘을 제공한다. 실험 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템을 사용 하는 경우에 충돌의 횟수가 감소하며, 다른 개발자들이 작업을 취소하여 재수정을 하는 등의 불필요한 작업 횟수가 감소하는 결과를 가져 왔다.