• 제목/요약/키워드: edge pressure

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Geometrically nonlinear thermo-mechanical analysis of graphene-reinforced moving polymer nanoplates

  • Esmaeilzadeh, Mostafa;Golmakani, Mohammad Esmaeil;Kadkhodayan, Mehran;Amoozgar, Mohammadreza;Bodaghi, Mahdi
    • Advances in nano research
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.151-163
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    • 2021
  • The main target of this study is to investigate nonlinear transient responses of moving polymer nano-size plates fortified by means of Graphene Platelets (GPLs) and resting on a Winkler-Pasternak foundation under a transverse pressure force and a temperature variation. Two graphene spreading forms dispersed through the plate thickness are studied, and the Halpin-Tsai micro-mechanics model is used to obtain the effective Young's modulus. Furthermore, the rule of mixture is employed to calculate the effective mass density and Poisson's ratio. In accordance with the first order shear deformation and von Karman theory for nonlinear systems, the kinematic equations are derived, and then nonlocal strain gradient scheme is used to reflect the effects of nonlocal and strain gradient parameters on small-size objects. Afterwards, a combined approach, kinetic dynamic relaxation method accompanied by Newmark technique, is hired for solving the time-varying equation sets, and Fortran program is developed to generate the numerical results. The accuracy of the current model is verified by comparative studies with available results in the literature. Finally, a parametric study is carried out to explore the effects of GPL's weight fractions and dispersion patterns, edge conditions, softening and hardening factors, the temperature change, the velocity of moving nanoplate and elastic foundation stiffness on the dynamic response of the structure. The result illustrates that the effects of nonlocality and strain gradient parameters are more remarkable in the higher magnitudes of the nanoplate speed.

Non-Gaussian features of dynamic wind loads on a long-span roof in boundary layer turbulences with different integral-scales

  • Yang, Xiongwei;Zhou, Qiang;Lei, Yongfu;Yang, Yang;Li, Mingshui
    • Wind and Structures
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.421-435
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    • 2022
  • To investigate the non-Gaussian properties of fluctuating wind pressures and the error margin of extreme wind loads on a long-span curved roof with matching and mismatching ratios of turbulence integral scales to depth (Lux/D), a series of synchronized pressure tests on the rigid model of the complex curved roof were conducted. The regions of Gaussian distribution and non-Gaussian distribution were identified by two criteria, which were based on the cumulative probabilities of higher-order statistical moments (skewness and kurtosis coefficients, Sk and Ku) and spatial correlation of fluctuating wind pressures, respectively. Then the characteristics of fluctuating wind-loads in the non-Gaussian region were analyzed in detail in order to understand the effects of turbulence integral-scale. Results showed that the fluctuating pressures with obvious negative-skewness appear in the area near the leading edge, which is categorized as the non-Gaussian region by both two identification criteria. Comparing with those in the wind field with matching Lux/D, the range of non-Gaussian region almost unchanged with a smaller Lux/D, while the non-Gaussian features become more evident, leading to higher values of Sk, Ku and peak factor. On contrary, the values of fluctuating pressures become lower in the wind field with a smaller Lux/D, eventually resulting in underestimation of extreme wind loads. Hence, the matching relationship of turbulence integral scale to depth should be carefully considered as estimating the extreme wind loads of long-span roof by wind tunnel tests.

Effect of the Nishinoshima Volcanic Eruption on Fine Particulate Concentration in Busan in Early August 2020 (일본 니시노시마 화산 분출이 2020년 8월 초 부산지역의 미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Byung-Il Jeon
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.31 no.12
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    • pp.1079-1087
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    • 2022
  • This study investigated the effect of volcanic materials that erupted from the Nishinoshima volcano, Japan, 1,300 km southeast of the Busan area at the end of July 2020, on the fine particle concentration in the Busan area. Backward trajectory analysis from the HYSPLIT model showed that the air parcel from the Nishinoshima volcano turned clockwise along the edge of the North Pacific high pressure and reached the Busan area. From August 4 to August 5, 2020, the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan started to increase rapidly from 1000 LST on August 4, and showed a high concentration for approximately 13 hours until 2400 LST. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio showed a relatively high value of 0.7 or more, and the SO2 concentration also showed a high value at the time when the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were relatively high. The SO42- concentration in PM2.5 in Busan showed a similar trend to the change in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. It rose sharply from 1300 LST on August 4, at the time where it was expected to have been affected by the Nishinoshima Volcano. This study has shown that the occurrence of high concentration fine particle in Busan in summer has the potential to affect Korea not only due to anthropogenic factors but also from natural causes such as volcanic eruptions in Japan.

Design of Polymer Composites for Effective Shockwave Attenuation (충격파 완화 복합재의 설계)

  • Gyeongmin Park;Seungrae Cho;Hyejin Kim;Jaejun Lee
    • Composites Research
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.21-31
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    • 2024
  • This review paper investigates the use of shockwave attenuating materials within composite structures to enhance personnel protection against blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This paper also introduces experimental methodologies exploited in the generation and measurement of shockwaves to evaluate the performance of the shock dissipating composites. The generation of shockwaves is elucidated through diverse approaches such as high-energy explosives, shock tubes, lasers, and laser-flyer techniques. Evaluation of shockwave propagation and attenuation involves the utilization of cutting-edge techniques, including piezoelectric, interferometer, electromagnetic induction, and streak camera methods. This paper investigates phase-separated materials, including polyurea and ionic liquids, and provides insight into composite structures in the quest for shockwave pressure attenuation. By synthesizing and analyzing the findings from these experimental approaches, this review aims to contribute valuable insights to the advancement of protective measures against blast-induced traumatic brain injuries.

A Study on the Strength Safety of Valve Structure for LPG Cylinder (LPG 용기용 밸브 구조물의 강도안전성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Chung Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.27-31
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    • 2014
  • This paper presents a study on the strength safety of the weak parts at Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 in the valve structure for LPG cylinder by using the finite element method. The maximum Von Mises stress of 27.5MPa was occurred at the corner edge of a valve Part 1 for the valve thickness of 1.5mm and LPG pressure of 3.5MPa. And the maximum Von Mises stresses for the valve thickness of 1.5mm and LPG pressure of 3.5MPa were 41.5MPa at Part 2 and 46.5MPa at Part 3. The FEM computed results show that the maximum Von Mises stresses at Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 are very low value of 9.2~15.5% compared with the yield strength of a copper alloy, C3604. This means that the valve thickness for LPG cylinder is so over designed for the conventional valve. Thus, this paper recommends that the thickness at Part 1 and Part 2 is reduced for a light weight of a copper valve. But, the thickness at Part 3 may be better for a thick valve as a conventional valve for high torque strength.

Failure in the COG Joint Using Non-Conductive Adhesive and Polymer Bumps (감광성 고분자 범프와 NCA (Non-Conductive Adhesive)를 이용한 COG 접합에서의 불량)

  • Ahn, Kyeong-Soo;Kim, Young-Ho
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.33-38
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    • 2007
  • We studied a bonding at low temperature using polymer bump and Non-Conductive Adhesive (NCA), and studied the reliability of the polymer bump/Al pad joints. The polymer bumps were formed on oxidized Si substrates by photolithography process, and the thin film metals were formed on the polymer bumps using DC magnetron sputtering. The substrate used was AL metallized glass. The polymer bump and Al metallized glass substrates were joined together at $80^{\circ}C$ under various pressure. Two NCAs were applied during joining. Thermal cycling test ($0^{\circ}C-55^{\circ}C$, cycle/30 min) was carried out up to 2000 cycles to evaluate the reliability of the joints. The bondability was evaluated by measuring the contact resistance of the joints through the four point probe method, and the joints were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The contact resistance of the joints was $70-90m{\Omega}$ before the reliability test. The joints of the polymer bump/Al pad were damaged by NCA filler particles under pressure above 200 MPa. After reliability test, some joints were electrically failed since thinner metal layers deposited at the edge of bumps were disconnected.

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The Structure of Oriental Wooden Pagoda (동양목조탑파(東洋木造塔婆)의 구조형식(構造形式)에 관한 연구(硏究) - 법주사(法住寺) 팔상전(捌相殿)과 법륭사(法隆寺) 오중탑(五重塔)의 비교분석적 측면에서 -)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Pyo;Fujii, Keisuke;Lee, Min-Sup
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.1 no.1 s.1
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    • pp.88-105
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    • 1992
  • This dissertation aims to investigate the structure of Palsangjeon, a five story wooden pagoda in Pubjoo Temple which is the only wooden pagoda existing in Korea, by a comparative study of the Palsangjeon with Japanese counterparts. By doing so, the writer of the present investigation attempts to find out its structural originality. The main finding of this study are as follows. The upper part of Palsangjeon is constructed with square log frameworks called GuiTl and Sacheon-Ju around the central column. The four walls along Sacheon-Ju from the 1st level to the 3rd well resists the outside horizontal piressure. And Gui-Tl structure on the 5th level copes much better with shear force. So this frame consisting of Sacheon-Ju and log frameworks might be viewed an semi-core system, This core is supported once again by the frame of Go-Ju. That is to say. Go-Ju supports frame of Sacheon-Ju. And the frame of Pyeong-Ju on the 4th and the 5th levels also supports it. The frame of Go-Ju is supported by the frame of Pyeong-Ju on the 1st and the 2nd levels. So this structure is designed to resist the wind and also keep the balance by properly distributing vertical pressure. The plan and the elevational structure of Palsangjeon keep the balance by the perfect symmetric structure. And the frame of Sacheon-Ju forming semi-core system can resist both the lateral load and the vertical pressure for the balance of its structure. The five story pagoda in Horyuji used to stand on a central which is desigend to support the main body of the pagoda from the first level. The principles of balance is used between the Ha-Aag and short to react the rafter. Sacheon-Ju and edge column is against the lateral load. The structural jointing system is stable thanks to the log framewroks formed on every level. The five story pagoda in Horyuji poseses the structual system originated from the ancient wooden pagoda. The pagoda is found to express simple, sincere and straight forward form. On the other hand, it could be seen as a stucture resisting the earthquake and the lateral load, Palsangjeon is an excellent building which religions function is well harmonized with its structure and appearance. It not only functions extremely well as a regions place like other pagodas, but also excellently shows how multi-story wooden building should be structured.

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Distribution of Wind Force Coefficients on the Three-span Arched House (아치형 3연동하우스의 풍력계수 분포에 관한 연구)

  • 이현우;이석건
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.46-52
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    • 1993
  • The wind pressure distributions were analyzed through the wind tunnel experiment to provide fundamental criteria for the structural design on the three-span arched house according to the wind directions. In order to investigate the wind force distribution, the variation of the wind force coefficients, the mean wind force coefficients, the drag force coefficients and the lift force coefficients were estimated from the experimental data. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The variation of the wind force with the wind directions on the side walls was the greatest at the upwind edge of the walls. The change of pressure from the positive to the negative on the side walls occurred at the wind direction of 30$^{\circ}$ in the first house and 60$^{\circ}$ in the third house. 2. The maximum negative wind force along the length of the roof appeared at the length ratio of 0-0.2, when the wind directions were 90$^{\circ}$ in the first house, 60$^{\circ}$ in the second house and 30$^{\circ}$ in the third house. 3. The maximum negative wind force along the width of the roof appeared at the width ratio and the wind direction of 0.4 and 0$^{\circ}$ in the first house, 0.4-0.6 and 30$^{\circ}$ in the second house and 0.6 and 30$^{\circ}$ in the third house, respectively. 4. The maximum mean positive and negative wind forces occurred at the wind direction of 60$^{\circ}$ and 30$^{\circ}$, respectively, on the side walls of the first house, and the maximum mean negative wind force on the roof occurred at the wind direction of 30$^{\circ}$ in third house. 5. The maximum drag and lift forces occurred at the wind direction of 30$^{\circ}$, and the maximum lift force appeared in the third house. 6. The parts to be considered for the local wind forces were the edges of the walls, the edges of the x-direction of the roofs, and the locations of the width ratio of 0.4 of the first and third house and the center of the width of the second house for the y-direction of the roofs.

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The Experimental Study of Distribution Characteristics of Lift-force Acting under Pier Deck (잔교상판(棧橋床板)에 작용(作用)하는 양압력(揚壓力) 분포특성(分布特性)에 관한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Sang Kil;Park, Hyun Soo;Ahn, Ik Seong;Kim, Woo Saeng
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.29 no.1B
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    • pp.83-90
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    • 2009
  • This study describes the characteristics of distribution of lift-force acting under pier deck through physical experiment. The shape of peak wave pressure was sharp when compressed air existed but was not sharp without that. Values of lift-force was different between edge point and center point in the same block. Distribution of lift-force was expressed differently owing to dimensionless of deck length (l/L), wave steepness (H/L), clearance height per wave height (D/H). The dimensionless factor of D/H affected on the lift-force the clearance between still water surface and decks. This decided the maximum of lift-force. In the case of the same values of D/H, the lift-force are changed by the wave steepness (H/L). Because (D/H) become smaller as the wave steepness (H/L) is increased the height of decks must be decided with the condition which don't have the clearance with $D_{max}$ for the stable design of deck of pier. Effect of reducing lift force was greater in the on-shore than the off-shore according to compressed air existence. This researches points out that design of deck should retain compressed air in order to reduce wave lift force.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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