• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.53-69
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• 2001

The word \"permaculture\" is a contraction of \"permanent agriculture\" or \"permanent culture\". Permaculture principles are designed to support (or ensure) the survival of humanity, the earth and all on it, and, to improve our standard of living, Permaculture can be defined as : a design system for creating sustainable human environments that can be (relatively) easily constructed and maintained. The principles of permaculture designs are relative location every element (such as house , rice paddy, road, esc) is placed in relation to each other such that each assists the other : each element performs multiple functions ; each function is supported by many elements : energy efficient planning ; using biological resources rather than fossil fuels : energy cycling on site (both fuel and human energy) : Using and accelerating natural plant succession to establish favourable sites and soils ; poly-culture and diversity of beneficial species for a productive, interactive system ; use of edge and natural patterns for best effect. These principles can be used for any permaculture design, in any climate, and at any scale. There has been very little scientific examination of Permaculture, and as such, it must be viewed as a design philosophy.viewed as a design philosophy.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 1994

The fracture characteristics and tool life of ceramics and WC, CBN cutting tool when turning heat treated steel STD11($H_RC$ 60) were investigated experimentally to clarify the machinability and optimum tool materials in cutting of difficult-to-cut material with high hardness. Forthermore, the behaviors of the tool wear and failure were examined with regard to cutting force. The hardened steel wore the cutting tool edge rapidily and increased the cutting forces, especially radial force. The tool was worn by the abrasive action. Flank Weat of $Al_2O_3-TiC$ ceramic and WC tool become relatively large and CBN & $Al_2O_3$, ceramic tool had a long life among the tool materials tested. The tool fracture patterns were just like minor cutting wear, flank wear, crater wear, notch wear, chipping. Flank wear rate was accelerated by occurrence of chipping. During the proceeding of machining, it was possible to foresee the catastrophic fracture of tool by abrupt increase of radial force.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.3685-3700
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• 2015

To avoid influences caused by pose, illumination and facial expression variations, we propose a robust three-step algorithm based on ASM and POEM for facial landmark localization. Firstly, Model Selection Factor is utilized to achieve a pose-free initialized shape. Then, we use the global shape model of ASM to describe the whole face and the texture model POEM to adjust the position of each landmark. Thirdly, a second localization is presented to discriminatively refine the subtle shape variation for some organs and contours. Experiments are conducted in four main face datasets, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately localizes facial landmarks and outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.10-30
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• 2004

High-fidelity RANS simulations are presented for a ducted marine propulsor, including verification ＆ validation (V＆V) using available experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) data. CFDSHIP-IOWA is used with $\textsc{k}-\omega$ turbulence model and extensions for relative rotating coordinate system and Chimera overset grids. The mesh interpolation code PEGASUS is used for the exchange of the flow information between the overset grids. Intervals V＆V for thrust, torque, and profile averaged radial velocity just downstream of rotor tip are reasonable in comparison with previous results. Flow pattern displays interaction and merging of tip-leakage and trailing edge vortices. In interaction region, multiple peaks and vorticity are smaller, whereas in merging region, better agreement with EFD. Tip-leakage vortex core position, size, circulation, and cavitation patterns for $\sigma=5$ also show a good agreement with EFD, although vortex core size is larger and circulation in interaction region is smaller.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.954-963
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• 2002

For the optimal design of an automotive blower system, effects of the scroll cut-off starting angle, the clearance between blade tip and bellmouth, and the scroll expansion angle on the performance of sirocco fan are investigated experimentally. Best performance is achieved at fan exposure ratio $\Deltae/r_c$,/TEX> =1.0, and clearance ratio $\DeltaeC/C=0.62. Flow characteristics inside sirocco fan are also studied by using LDV. Flow patterns in the inside of fan can be classified into three regions. Velocity vector has the same direction as rotational direction of fan at 0~$120^{\circ}$, toward the fan blades at 150～$180^{\circ}$, and opposite direction at 210~$330^{\circ}$. Turbulent intensity is relatively high near the cut-off edge in the scroll housing.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.478-483
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• 2009

An optical sheet with a cone array is designed, simulated, and fabricated in order to substitute the dual crossed prism sheets in the edge-type LCD backlight. The optimum structure of cone textures that is compatible with the dual crossed prism sheets was obtained by simulating the backlight installed with the cone array optical sheet. A SU-8 photoresist films of thickness $30{\sim}50{\mu}m$ were spin-coated on a polyethylene terephtalate film (PET), and the cone texture array was formed by using the diffuse lithography that employed a photomask with circular patterns and an optical diffuser.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.778-783
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• 2009

To fabricate uniform and reliable thin gold stripes that provide low-loss optical waveguides, we developed a novel liftoff process placing an additional $SiN_x$ layer under conventional photoresists. By patterning a photoresist and over-etching the $SiN_x$, the photoresist patterns become free-standing structures on a lower-cladding. This leads to uniform metal stripes with good reproducibility and effectively removes parasitic structures on the edge of the metal stripe in the image reversal photolithography process. By applying the newly developed process to polymer-based gold stripe waveguide fabrication, we improved the propagation losses about two times compared with that incurred by the conventional image-reversal process.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2009년도 9th International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.1496-1499
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• 2009

A diode-pumped Nd:$YVO_4$ laser was used to obtain indium tin oxide (ITO) patterns on glass substrate with various overlapping rates. The results showed that the overlapping rate of laser beam influences on the edge structure of ITO pattern and the surface roughness of ablated groove bottom. At a laser repetition rate of 40 kHz, the optimized condition of overlapping rate was 75 %.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2010

According to recent changes in industry for the semiconductor device, a gap between patterns in wafer is getting narrow. And this narrow gap makes a failure of uniform deposition between center and edge on the wafer. In this paper, for solving this problem, we analyze and manipulate the gas flow inside of the HDP CVD chamber by using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics). This simulation includes design manipulations in heights of the chamber and shape of center nozzle in the upper side of the chamber. The result of simulation shows 1.28 uniformity which is lower 3% than original uniformity.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.391-397
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• 2004

The performance characteristics of partial admission supersonic turbines are analyzed by using the commercial CFD program FLUENT6.0. The governing equations were discretized with Euler implicit method in time and 2nd-order upwind scheme of FVM in space. The k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model was utilized to describe the turbulent flow field. In order to investigate the nozzle--rotor interactions and the effect of partial admission, the flows in supersonic turbine rotor cascades with a nozzle are computed. Extensive computations of partial admission supersonic turbines provide the shock structures and flow patterns in the nozzle and rotor. It is clearly shown that the nozzle flow is highly affected by the shocks or expansion waves propagated from the rotor leading edge. And the rotor flow is also affected by the shocks or wakes originated from the nozzle.