• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.299-303
• /
• 2016

Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. can cause considerable diseases on both humans and animals. In addition, these microorganisms cause the economic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of a disinfectant spray, composed to grapefruit seed extract, citric acid, malic acid and benzalkonium chloride, was evaluated against S. Typhimurium and B. ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. The disinfectant and test bacteria were diluted with hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On HW condition, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant spray against S. Typhimurium and B. ovis was 5 and 4 fold dilutions, respectively. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant spray was 2 and 1 fold dilutions against S. Typhimurium and B. ovis, respectively. As the disinfectant spray possesses bactericidal efficacy against foodborne pathogens such as S. Typhimurium and B. ovis, the disinfectant spray can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.13-13
• /
• 2018

Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus, widely distributed in the environment and a range of different habitats. It includes both plant pathogenic and saprophytic species, which can affect crops in the field or cause post-harvest spoilage of plant fruits and kernels. Numerous Alternaria species cause damage to agricultural products including cereal grains, fruits and vegetables, and are responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. Most Alternaria species have the ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which may play important roles in plant pathology as well as food quality and safety. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT) are considered the main Alternaria compounds thought to pose a risk to human health. However, food-borne Alternaria species are able to produce many additional metabolites, whose toxicity has been tested incompletely or not tested at all. Both alternariols are mutagenic and their presence in cereal grain has been associated with high levels of human esophageal cancer in China. TeA exerts cytotoxic and phytotoxic properties, and is acutely toxic in different animal species, causing hemorrhages in several organs. The possible involvement of TA in the etiology of onyalai, a human hematological disorder occurring in Africa, has been suggested. Altertoxins (ALXs) have been found to be more potent mutagens and acutely toxic to mice than AOH and AME. Other metabolites, such as TEN, are reported to be phytotoxins, and their toxicity on animals has not been demonstrated up to now. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot are obviously not suitable for consumption. Thus, whole fresh fruits are not believed to contribute significantly with Alternaria toxins to human exposure. However, processed vegetable products may introduce considerable amounts of these toxins to the human diet if decayed or moldy fruit is not removed before processing. The taxonomy of the genus is not well defined yet, which makes it difficult to establish an accurate relationship between the contaminant species and their associated mycotoxins. Great efforts have been made to organize taxa into subgeneric taxonomic levels, especially for the small-spored, food associated species, which are closely related and constitute the most relevant food pathogens from this genus. Several crops of agricultural value are susceptible to infection by different Alternaria species and can contribute to the entry of Alternaria mycotoxins in the food chain. The distribution of Alternaria species was studied in different commodities grown in Argentina. These food populations were characterized through a polyphasic approach, with special interest in their secondary metabolite profiles, to understand their full chemical potential. Alternaria species associated with tomato, bell pepper, blueberry, apples and wheat cultivated in Argentina showed a surprisingly high metabolomic and mycotoxigenic potential. The natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins in these foods was also investigated. The results here presented will provide background for discussion on regulations for Alternaria toxins in foods.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.29-45
• /
• 1999

This study reviewed theories on entrepreneurial local governance and inquired the changing regional policy in Chonnam region. The region became exposure as the direct investment unit of global capital by globalization of capital, the inter-regional competition and the relative reduction of the role and function of nation state. Therefore local government have the relative autonomy and the region is effected as the chosen space by capital according to the free movement of capital. It has been argued that there has been a reorientation of urban governance away from the local provision of welfare and services to a more outward-orientated stance designed to foster and encourage local growth and economic development. These profound changes in the way that cities operate have seen the public sector taking over characteristics once distinctive to the private sector leading many commentators to term such modes of governance as entrepreneurial. In Chonnam region, many local governments are introducing entrepreneurial policies for regional development. It appears as place marketing strategy to attract capital and tourists. This strategy is very important to used identity or culture of region in order to make the attractive region. The entrepreneurial characteristics and strategies appear as image unification of region, commodity development of natural or cultural resource, event and business projects. From this point of view, the entrepreneurial policy that is based upon regional growth can cause the problem of social justice like distributional distortion and inequality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.30-41
• /
• 2001

Rapid economic development and industrialization has been accompanied by an increase of energy demand and environmental pollution. The consumption of gasoline has increased totally, but decreased in use of leaded gasoline after 1988 in Korea. On the other hand, risk assessment of environmental pollutants requires reliable dose estimates. Source oriented monitoring is not providing adequate information to estimate human exposure. The Health Surveillance Project has been launched in Korea from 1980, which questioned their symptoms based on questionnaires and medical examinations for inhabitants in the vicinity of 13 industrial areas and 2 non-industrial areas. 10, 598 inhabitants living in these 15 areas had medical checkups and donated their blood f3r heavy metal analysis from 1980 to 2000 through this project. Especially lead levels in inhabitants' blood of these areas were determined and monitored. Totally 4, 967 samples in target areas were used to review the trend of blood lead level in this paper. Average lead concentrations by areas were from 15.2 to 21.0 ug/dl in 1981 and 22.3 to 34.3 ug/dl in 1988, but were 8.8 to 11.1 ug/dl in 1992 and 4.4 to 4.8 ug/dl in 1995. On the other hand, the consumption of leaded gasoline was at a peak in 1958. Blood lead level showed a very close relationship with the consumption of leaded gasoline in the change pattern(p<0.01) and showed a rapid declining trend since the use of unleaded gasoline, especially from 1988 when Seoul held the olympic games. For example, the blood lead levels were 15.2 ug/dl in 1981, 20.2 ug/dl in 1955. 24.3 ug/dl in 1988 and 3.9 ug/dl in 1993 in Yochon area. China also had monitored blood lead levels of general population. 7, 015 inhabitants living in 28 areas donated their blood far heavy metal analysis from 1981 to 1988. Average lead concentrations by areas were from 5.1 to 5.6 ug/dl before. 1984 but were form 2.8 to 11.2 ug/dl after 1984. Average lead concentration in blood showed increasing trends clearly in most of the areas. The recent policy of unleaded gasoline use for automobile will be a very beneficial policy for the management of atmospheric lead pollution & health risk assessment for the general population in China. It is recommended that it should be propelled more widely and rapidly to the entire country.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.40-46
• /
• 2006

Hepatoma is one of 3 most common malignancies in Korea, the survival rate is not improved since last decades because of delayed diagnosis and limited treatment conditions. Radiation was one of treatment options but the impact on the survival is not remarkable. High dose exposure to target area was suggested for improved effect but low tolerance dose of normal liver tissue is the main limited factor. IMRT is the advanced form of 3DCRT, for focusing high dose on target with minimal dose to surrounding normal tissues. Motion of the tumor by respiration, cardiac pulsation and peristalsis is the main treatment harrier of IMRT for treatment of hepatoma patients. Development of QA technique for acceptable geometrical uncertainties and dose error on target volume is essential for IMRT in clinical treatment but proper QA technique is not yet developed. This study compared the verification film dosimetry with measured dose in phantom and calculated dose in planning computer on exactly same conditions of patient treatments. Within 3% dose differences between 3 groups were confirmed. We suggest that our verification QA technique is easy, economic, iterative and acceptable in clinical application for advanced hepatoma patients.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.239-244
• /
• 2005

Uncoupling protein(UCP) is expressed exclusively in brown adipose tissue(BAT). It is blown to uncouple phosphorylation from oxidation and hence to be involved in energy metabolism and heat production, especially under cold exposure. In the present study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) in exon 3 of avUCP gene in Korean native chicken(KNC) population. It was detected a SNP T+1316C in exon 3 of avUCP gene by sequence analysis in KNC population. For PCR-RFLP analysis of the SNP T+1316C, used by AP III restriction enzyme. The result of PCR-RFLP analysis showed that allele T has two fragments of 255 bp and 86 bp, and allele C has only one fragment of 341 bp. The genotype frequencies were TT type, 0.7875; TC type, 0.1875 and CC type, 0.025; and the frequencies of allele T and C were 0.881 and 0.119, respectively in KNC population. Next study was conducted to investigate the effect of the SNP in avUCP gene on economic traits in the KNC population. The TT genotype had a significant higher daily percent lay(84.61) than CC genotype(p<0.05) in KNC population. This study may be useful for genetic studies of avCUP gene and selection on daily percent lay of KNC.

• Review of Culture and Economy
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.3-28
• /
• 2014

The characteristics of performing arts differ from those of utilitarian goods in terms of economics. Factors other than price need to be considered to understand the demand for performing arts. Audience surveys as well as econometric demand studies have confirmed that socio-economic factors such as age, income, employment, and education are major determinants of the demand for performing arts. This study focused on the attributes of concerts rather than consumer characteristics to determine the concerts audiences select in terms of transaction cost. Genre, price, internet search trends, and the purpose of performance as well as price are tested as determinants of demand by using the data set for a major concert hall in Seoul. Genre and the specific purpose of concerts influence the demand for concerts. Internet search trends of the performer are used as indicators of popularity and information exposure, which are positively correlated with demand. This result supports the hypothesis that larger audiences would attend concerts that require lower information search costs. To note, price has a positive effect on demand in the higher price range, which means that concerts at higher prices attract larger audiences, whereas normal goods have a negative slope in the demand curve. This result can be explained by the hypothesis that consumers use price as an indicator of the quality expected of a concert. Transaction cost for selecting classical concerts thus forms an inverse-U shape curve against ticket price. These results provide some explanation of why audiences of classical music choose to attend concerts at high ticket prices while offering evidence in favor of the hypothesis that performing arts are selected in a social context.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2022

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the effect of a rise in the global value chain (GVC) on the industry-level efficiency of resource allocation (based on plant-level inefficiency measures) in Korea, with a focus on various channels through which a rise in the GVC can increase competition among firms and thus induce resources to be allocated more efficiently across firms. Design/methodology - We empirically investigate the relationship between the industry-specific importance of GVC and the industry-level allocative inefficiency that is measured as the dispersion of the plant-level marginal revenue of capital (MRK) as in Hsieh and Klenow's (2009) influential model. We compute MRK dispersion for industries sorted by various characteristics that are closely related to firm/industry sensitivity to the GVC. In other words, we compute the average industry-level MRK dispersion for industries sorted by industry-specific importance of GVC and compute the difference between the two groups of industries (higher vs. lower than the median GVC); we also calculate the difference between industries sorted by industry-specific export (import) intensity. This is our difference-in-difference estimate of the MRK dispersion associated with the GVC for the export (import)-intensive industry versus the non-export (non-import)-intensive industry. This difference-in-difference estimate of the MRK dispersion conditional vs. unconditional on firm-level productivity is then calculated further (triple-difference estimate). Findings - A rise in GVC is associated with a decrease in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry compared to the non-export-intensive industry. The same is true for industries that rely heavily on imports versus those that do not (i.e., import intensive vs. non-intensive). Furthermore, the reduction in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry associated with an increase in the GVC is disproportionately greater for high-productivity firms. In contrast, the negative relationship between GVC and MRK dispersion in the import-intensive industry is disproportionately smaller for high-productivity firms. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on the relationship between GVC and aggregate output, exports, and imports at the country level. We investigate detailed firm/industry-level mechanisms that determine the relationship between GVC, trade, and productivity. Using the plant-level data in South Korea, we investigate how GVC is related to the cross-firm MRK dispersion, an important measure of allocative inefficiency, based on Hsieh and Klenow's (2009) influential economic theory. This is the first study to provide plant-level evidence of how GVC affects MRK dispersion. Furthermore, we examine how the relationship between GVC and MRK-dispersion varies across export intensity, import intensity, and firm-level productivity, providing insight into how GVC can affect firms' exposure to competition in the global market differently depending on market conditions and thus generate trade-related productivity gains.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.193-204
• /
• 2022

This study was to identify factors related to the experience of violence damage, focusing on health risk behavior of multi-cultural and general adolescents in Korea. Data from the 15th online survey of youth health behavior (2019) was used to analyze 35,574 adolescents. The data were analyzed using complex sample analysis by using SPSS/Win 22.0. The multi-cultural adolescents had significantly higher experience of smoking and habitual drug use and violence damage than those ordinary adolescents. In both multi-cultural and general adolescents, the more they did not live with their family, the more they had smoking experience and habitual drug use experience, the higher they experienced violence. The experience of violence victimization of general youth was significantly related to gender, school, economic status, and drinking experience. To prevent the violence victimization of adolescents, social support for adolescents who do not live with their families is required, and careful attention is needed to adolescents who have smoking and drug use experience. In addition, since multi-cultural youth are more vulnerable to health risk behaviors and violence damage than general youth, educational programs are needed to induce multi-cultural youth to practice correct health behaviors and prevent experiences of violence.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.627-635
• /
• 2019

Cement-asbestos slate is the main asbestos containing material. It is a product made by combining 10~20% of asbestos and cement components. Man- and weathering-induced degradation of the cement-asbestos slates makes them a source of dispersion of asbestos fibres and represents a priority cause of concern. When the asbestos enters the human body, it causes cellular damage or deformation, and is not discharged well in vitro, and has been proven to cause diseases such as lung cancer, asbestos, malignant mesothelioma and pleural thickening. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has designated asbestos as a group 1 carcinogen. Currently, most of these slats are disposed in a designated landfill, but the landfill capacity is approaching its limit, and there is a potential risk of exposure to the external environment even if it is land-filled. Therefore, this study aimed to exam the possibility of detoxification of asbestos-containing slate by using exothermic reaction and heat treatment. Cement-asbestos slate from the asbestos removal site was used for this experiment. Exothermic catalysts such as calcium chloride(CaCl₂), magnesium chloride(MgCl₂), sodium hydroxide(NaOH), sodium silicate(Na₂SiO₃), kaolin[Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄)], and talc[Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂] were used. Six catalysts were applied to the cement-asbestos slate, respectively and then analyzed using TG-DTA. Based on the TG-DTA results, the heat treatment temperature for cement-asbestos slate transformation was determined at 750℃. XRD, SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS analyses were performed on the samples after the six catalysts applied to the slate and heat-treated at 750℃ for 2 hours. It was confirmed that chrysotile[Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH₅)] in the cement-asbestos slate was transformed into forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) by catalysts and heat treatment. In addition, the change in the shape of minerals was observed by applying a physical force to the slate and the heat treated slate after coating catalysts. As a result, the chrysotile in the cement-asbestos slate maintained fibrous form, but the cement-asbestos slate after heat treatment of applying catalyst was broken into non-fibrous form. Therefore, this study shows the possibility to safely verify the complete transformation of asbestos minerals in this catalyst- and temperature-induced process.