• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

Background: A peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (p-ECMO) has been developed to support patients who are dying due to a serious cardiopulmonary condition. This analysis was planned to define the clinical situation in which the patient benefits most from a p-ECMO. Material and Methods: Between June 2007 and Aug 2009, a total of 41 adult patients used the p-ECMO. There were 23 males and 18 females (mean age $54.4{\pm}15.1$ years). All patients had very unstable vital signs with hypoxia and complex cardiac problems. We divided the patients into 4 groups. In the first group, a p-ECMO was used as a bridge to cardiac operation. In the second group, patients did not have the opportunity to undergo any cardiac procedures; nevertheless, they were treated with a p-ECMO. In the third group, patients mostly had difficulty in weaning from CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) after cardiac operation. The fourth group suffered from many complications, such as pneumonia, bleeding, infections, and LV dysfunction with underlying cardiac problems. All cannulations were performed by the Seldinger technique or cutting down the femoral vessel. A long venous cannula of $DLP^{(R)}$ (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) or $RMI^{(R)}$ (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA) was used together with a 17~21 Fr arterial cannula and a 21 Fr venous cannula. As a bypass pump, a Capiox emergency bypass system ($EBS^{(R)}$; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was used. We attempted to maintain a flow rate of $2.4{\sim}3.0\;L/min/m^2$ and an activated clotting time (ACT) of around 180 seconds. Results: Nine patients survived by the use of the p-ECMO. Ten patients were weaned from a p-ECMO but they did not survive, and the remainder had no chance to be weaned from the p-ECMO. The best clinical situation to apply the p-ECMO was to use it as a bridge to cardiac operation and for weaning from CPB after cardiac operation. Conclusion: Various clinical results were derived by p-ECMO according to the clinical situation. For the best results, early adoption of the p-ECMO for anatomical correction appears important.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.723-731
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• 2008

Immunomodulatory feed additives might offer alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of dietary galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide (GMOS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on the immune response in early-weaned piglets. Forty 15-day-old piglets (Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire) with an average live body weight of $5.6{\pm}0.51kg$ were weaned and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups that were fed maize-soybean meal diets containing either basal, 110 mg/kg of lincomycin, 250 mg/kg of COS or 0.2% GMOS, respectively, over a 2-week period. Another six piglets of the same age were sacrificed on the same day at the beginning of the study for sampling, in order to obtain baseline values. Interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes, jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2 and IL-6, IgA, IgG, and IgM, were evaluated for 5 pigs from each group at 15 and 28 days of age. The results indicate that weaning stress resulted in decreases in serum antibody and cytokine levels. Dietary supplementation with GMOS or COS enhanced (p<0.05) IL-1${\beta}$gene expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2, IL-6, IgA, IgG and IgM compared to supplementation with lincomycin. These findings suggest that GMOS or COS may enhance the cell-mediated immune response in early-weaned piglets by modulating the production of cytokines and antibodies, which shows that GMOS or COS have different effects than the antibiotic on animal growth and health.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

목 적 : 어린시기에 genistein과 같은 식물성 에스트로겐의 섭취가 사회적 관심사로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 어린 쥐에서 genistein에 노출이 사춘기 개시 및 생식기관에 미치는 영향을 알아 보았다. 방 법 : 이유기(3주령) 암컷 흰쥐를 저용량 genistein (10 mg/kg/day), 고용량 genistein (100 mg/kg/day), 대조군의 세 그룹 (각 그룹 당 n=6)으로 나누고 첫 번째 질구 개방이 확인되는 날까지 농도별로 각각 경구 투여하였다. 질구 개방일을 확인하고 생식 기관의 무게를 측정하며 난소와 자궁에서 $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$, PR 유전자들의 발현양상을 RT-PCR을 이용해 비교하였고, 난소와 자궁의 구조적 이상을 확인하기 위해 조직학적 분석을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 고용량 genistein 투여군은 저용량군 및 대조군에 비해 질구 개방일이 유의하게 촉진되었다. RT-PCR결과, $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$, PR의 전사활성은 genistein에 노출된 쥐들의 난소와 자궁에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 그라프 난포와 황체는 genistein 투여군의 난소에서만 발견되었고, 대조군의 난소에서는 1차, 2차 난포들과 작은 미성숙 난포들만이 관찰되었다. Genistein 처리군의 자궁에서도 내막층 근막층 및 상피층이 과다성장상태였으나 대조군에서는 모든 세포층과 분비선이 미약하게 발달하였다. 결 론 : 결론적으로, 사춘기 이전 시기에 비교적 단기간의 genistein 노출이라도 미성숙 암컷 흰쥐에서 생식 내분비 활성을 일으켜 조기 사춘기와 성 스테로이드 호르몬 수용체의 발현 양상 변화를 초래할 수 있으며, genistein의 노출이 아동기 성성숙에 미치는 영향에 대한 더욱 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.365-373
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• 1999

연구배경: 중환자실에서 기관절개의 적용은 보편화된 술기중의 하나이지만, 장기간의 기계 호흡으로 인한 기관삽관으로부터 기관절개로의 이행의 최적의 시기에 대해서는 아직 논란이 있다. 조기 기관절개는 기도 유지가 용이하며 구강 관리나 이동이 보다 자유로운 등의 장점이 있으나 병원내 감염이나 기도 협착의 위험을 증가시키는 단점을 갖고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기관절개의 시행시기와 예후간의 관련성을 관찰하여 최적의 기관 절개의 시기를 알아 보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 후향적인 연구로서 35명의 내과계 및 15명의 외과계 환자를 대상으로 APACHE III 점수, 병원내 감염의 발생, 임상상의 변화에 대해 기관절개일로부터 28일간의 자료를 관찰하였다. 조기 및 후기 기관절개의 구분은 기관삽관시로부터 7 일을 기준으로 하였으며 각각 25명씩이었다. 결과: 조기 기관절개군과 후기 기관절개군은 각각 25명이었으며 평균연령은 각각 $48{\pm}18$세 및 $63{\pm}17$세로 조기 기관절개군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 기관절개까지 소요된 평균 시간은 조기 기관절개군과 후기 기관절개군에서 각각 3일과 13일이었다. 대상 환자의 원인 장기별 분포는 뇌 신경계 27례(54%), 호흡기계 14례(28%), 순환기계 4례(8%), 소화기계 4례(8%), 요로계 l례(2%)의 순이었고, 기관절개의 목적은 장기간 기계호흡이 필요하여 사행한 경우가 43례로 가장 많았고, 응급 기도확보가 5례, 그리고 분비물 제거를 위해 시행한 경우가 2례였으며, 조기 및 후기의 양환자군 사이의 기관절개 목적에 따른 통계학적 차이는 없었다. 기관삽관시, 기관절개시와 기관절개일로부터 7일간의 APACHE III 점수는 조기 및 후기군의 양군에서 유사하였다. 이를 다시 생존자군과 사망자군으로 나누어 분석했을 때도 양군간의 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 병원내 감염의 발생, 기계호흡으로부터의 이탈과 사망률에 있어서도 가관절개일로부터 28일간을 관찰시 조기 및 후기 기관절개군간에 어떤 차이도 보이지 않았다. 사망률은 기관절개일부터 7일간 관찰기간중에 APACHE III 점수가 높을수록 증가하였다. 그러나, 기관절개의 시기와 기관절개 이전의 기계호흡 시행 일수 등에 따른 사망률의 증가는 없었다. 결론: 조기 기관절개는 병의 중증도, 원내 감염, 기계호흡의 지속 일수, 그리고 사망률에 있어 어떤 장점도 보이지 않았으며, 최적의 기관절개 시기는 개개의 임상적 판단에 따라야 할 것으로 사료되나 이에 대한 대규모 전향적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2020

Background: The effects of far-infrared radiation (FIR) on the treatment of rotator cuff diseases remains unknown. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of FIR after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with regard to postoperative pain and healing. Methods: This prospective randomized comparative study included 38 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair due to a medium-sized tear. Patients were randomly divided into the FIR or control group (n = 19 per group). In the FIR group, FIR with an FIR radiator started 1 week postoperatively for 30 minutes per session twice daily. It lasted until abduction brace weaning at 5 weeks postoperatively. We assessed pain using a pain visual analogue scale (pVAS) and measured the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder at 5 weeks, and 3 and 6 months, postoperatively. The anatomical outcome was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months postoperatively. Results: At 5 weeks postoperatively, the average pVAS score was lower in the FIR group than in the control group (1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 1.7; P = 0.019). At 3 months postoperatively, the average forward flexion was higher in the FIR group (151.6° ± 15.3° vs. 132.9° ± 27.8°; P = 0.045), but there was no significant difference at 6 months postoperatively. There was no significant difference in healing failure between the groups (P = 0.999). Conclusions: FIR after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair could be an effective and safe procedure to reduce postoperative pain, thereby facilitating rehabilitation and better ROM in the early postoperative period.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.72-85
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• 1983

This presentation firstly is discussed the characteristics of estrus, the time of first postpartum estrus, and the relative accurate of various estrus detection aids and secondly discussed the abnormalities of estrus and ovarian function and its control by treatment of exogenous hormones in cattle and pig. Longer estrus cycles as well as the shorter than 18 day cycles showed the lowered conception rates as compared to the normal cycles of 18 to 25 days. Other characteristics of est겨s such as duration of estrus, intensity of estrus and time of estrus are reviewed to affect fertility. The first postpartum ovulation and estrus in cows usually occurs about 20 to 30 days and 40 to 50 days after parturition, respectively. Irregularities in estrus cycle length have been conducted during early postpartum period. In sows, weaning is followed by ovulation and estrus although there is some individual variation. The most common method of estrus detection is direct visual observation on standing estrus behavior, but various aids of estrus detection have been empolyed with varying degree of effectiveness. The results from heat detector devices are about as accurate as twice-daily observation(about 90%). The abnormal estrus can be classified into three types; irregular or continuous estrus, silent estrus and anestrus. Cystic ovarian disease, follicular cysts and luteal cysts, is a serious cause of reproductive failure in cattle and pig. The follicular cysts are much more common than luteal cysts and the incidence of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle is higher than beef cattle and pig. The occurrences of ovarian cysts have been closely associated with levels of milk production, stages of postpartum period, nutritional levels and seasons. The luteal cysts and persistent corpora lutea are responsive to the luteolytic effects of the recently synthetic analogues of PGF2$\alpha$ in cows and sows and recently GnRH or LH-RH has been successfully used as a treatment for cows and sows with ovarian follicular cysts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.697-702
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the compensatory nutrition regimen modulates lactation performance and milk protein gene expression in the first and second lactation cycles. Female rats(28 days of age) were assigned to 1)control ad libitum ; 2) stari-step compensatory nutrition(SSCN) regimen an alternating 3-2-3-4-week schedule beginning with an energy restriction diet(40% restriction) for 3 weeks followed by the control diet(ad libitum) for 2 weeks and then alternating another 3-4 week feeding regimen. The SSCN rats were received an overall 20% energy restriction(average from all stair-step periods) compared with the conventionally fed control group. Rats were bred during the first week of the second realimentation. All pups were weaned on day 21 of lactation. About 1 week after weaning all dams were mated for the second pregnancy. Mammary tissues were obtained from pregnant and lactating rats during the first and second lactation cycles. During these lactation cycles the SSCN group had a 11% increase in average lactation performance over that of control. The SSCN group had significantly increased levels of milk protein gene($\alpha$- and $\beta$-casein) expression in mammary tissues during the first lactation cycle compared with those of the control group. During the second lactation period the levels of milk protein gene expression in lactating mammary tissues of the SSCN group were also higher than those of the control group. These results suggest that the effects of compensatory growth imposed at an early age extend to the second lactation cycle with regard to increased lactation performance and milk protein gene expression.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.386-392
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Changes in nutritional status during gestation and lactation have detrimental effects on offspring metabolism. Several animal studies have shown that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) can predispose the offspring to development of obesity and metabolic diseases, however the mechanisms underlying these transgenerational effects are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the effect of maternal HFD consumption on metabolic phenotype and hepatic expression of involved genes in dams to determine whether any of these parameters were associated with the metabolic outcomes in the offspring. MATERIALS/METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD: 10% calories from fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD: 45% calories from fat) for three weeks before mating, and during pregnancy and lactation. Dams and their male offspring were studied at weaning. RESULTS: Dams fed an HFD had significantly higher body and adipose tissue weights and higher serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels than dams fed an LFD. Hepatic lipid levels and mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including $LXR{\alpha}$, SREBP-2, FXR, LDLR, and ABCG8 were significantly changed by maternal HFD intake. Significantly lower total liver DNA and protein contents were observed in dams fed an HFD, implicating the disturbed liver adaptation in the pregnancy-related metabolic demand. HFD feeding also induced significant oxidative stress in serum and liver of dams. Offspring of dams fed an HFD had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels, which were negatively correlated with liver weights of dams and positively correlated with hepatic lipid peroxide levels in dams. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal HFD consumption induced metabolic dysfunction, including altered liver growth and oxidative stress in dams, which may contribute to the disturbed cholesterol homeostasis in the early life of male mice offspring.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2020

Background: In the early stages of development, teeth and lingual papillae are induced and developed through special and complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Tooth completion indicates the beginning of the weaning phase, and accordingly, many oral tissues and organs are completed, and it is thought that their developmental completion times are related to each other. The purpose of this study was to clarify the embryonic and neonatal development of the filiform papillae and mandibular molar tooth, and discuss the developmental relationship between these organs by comparing the developmental completion times. Methods: Embryos at embryonic day 15 (EM15), 17 (EM17), and 21 (EM21) and mice at neonatal day 1 (NE1), 5 (NE5), 10 (NE10), and 21 (NE21) were used for experimentation. Tissues dissected from embryos and mice were fixed, and processed for histological analysis. Sections from the tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for observation under a light microscope. Results: Based on the histological analysis results, the developmental process of the lingual epithelium covering the dorsal surface of the tongue was classified into three stages: initiation, morphogenesis, and functional. The development of the filiform papillae begins at EM17; undergoes rapid morphological changes in epithelial cells at EM21, PN1 and PN5, and reaches the functional stage at PN10, which is the sucking phase. Tooth development begins at EM13 or 15 and is completed at NE21 through prenatal and postnatal development. Conclusion: The development of the filiform papillae was initiated late and completed quickly through embryonic and neonatal development in comparison with the mandibular molar tooth. The filiform papillae are considered to play an important role in sucking rather than mastication as it is completed in the sucking phase.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1304-1308
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• 2009

To investigate the infection patterns of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Korean pig farms, a total of 4,768 swine sera samples from 159 pig farms were taken twice, in June (n=82) and October (n=77) in 2007. In each farm selected for the survey, 10 samples from breeding pigs and 4 from each of the 5 age groups (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days) were taken, and all serum samples were tested for PEDV by the serum neutralization test. The overall seroprevalence was 62.6% (2,983/4,768), with the highest prevalence in breeding pigs (93.5%, 1,485/1,589). The prevalence showed an increasing trend with increasing age (30.8, 27.2, 44.7, 61.6, and 71.2% respectively in the 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days age groups) (p<0.0001 for $x^2$ trend test). The association between age and PEDV prevalence was similar in both surveys, indicating that the infection of PEDV seemed to be occurring repeatedly in the farms surveyed. This inference could also be explained by the fact that prevalence in sows was very high despite low vaccination coverage, as they are continuously exposed to PEDV in potentially infected farms for a longer period. Based on the neutralizing antibody levels in sows and growing pigs, the majority of farms (91.8%, n=146 farms) were endemically infected with PEDV, and most of pigs seemed to be intensively infected with PEDV at around early growth (41.8%) and weaning (31.5%). On the other hand, serum neutralizing antibodies were not detected in pigs older than 30 days of age in farms classified as having no PEDV infection (n=13 farms), indicating the level of maternal antibody against PEDV is decreased on a non-detectable level before the piglet is 60 days old in the field situation. The results indicated that most farms surveyed in 2007 were affected with endemic PEDV infection. Therefore, a national monitoring and control program for the endemic type PEDV infection needs further attention.