• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국HCI학회 2009년도 학술대회
• /
• pp.1351-1358
• /
• 2009

새로운 서비스 개발 초기 단계에서 지식의 창조는 서비스의 성공에 중요한 역할을 한다. 개발 초기 단계에서 사용자는 지식을 창조하는 데 중요한 자원으로 활용되며, 이를 위해 사용자와 개발자 간의 계속적인 상호 작용, 즉 사용자 관여가 필요하다. 사용자의 역할은 정보를 제공하는 역할, 자문하는 역할, 참여하는 역할, 3 가지로 나눌 수 있으며, 역할의 차이에 따라 지식 창조의 과정 또한 달라지게 된다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 인터넷 서비스 개발 초기 단계에서 사용자의 역할에 따라 어떠한 지식 창조 과정을 거쳐야 실제 서비스 개발에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 지 알아보기 위해 2 가지의 신규 프로젝트를 대상으로 사례 연구를 실시하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 개발 초기 단계에서 지식 창조의 과정과 사용자 역할 간의 관계를 규명함과 동시에 실제 서비스 개발을 위한 사용자 관여의 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권10호
• /
• pp.5811-5816
• /
• 2013

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Molecular subtypes are important in determining prognosis. This study evaluated five-year disease-free survival among four molecular subtypes in patients with early stages of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-analytical study, information on patients with breast cancer between 2001-2010 was evaluated. Five hundred ninety two patients in the early stages of breast cancer (stages 1 and 2) were selected to undergo anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Relapse, death or absence (censor) were considered as the end of the study. Patients based on ER, PR and HER-2 expression were divided into four subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 enriched and triple negative). Information based upon questionnaire was analysed. To show the patients survival rate, life table and Kaplan-Meyer methods were used, and for comparing mean survival among different groups, the Log-Rank test was utilized. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was $47.9{\pm}9.6$. Out of the 592 patients, 586 were female (99%) and 6 were male (1%). Considering breast cancer molecular subtypes, 361 patients were in the luminal A group (61%), 49 patients in the luminal B group (8.3%), 48 patients in the HER-2 enriched group (8.1%) and 134 in the triple negative group (22.6%). Mean disease-free survival was 53.7 months overall, 55.4 months for the luminal A group, 48.3 months for the luminal B group, 43 months for the HER-2enriched group and 54.6 months for the triple negatives. Disease free survival differed significantly among the molecular subtypes (p value=0.0001). Conclusions: The best disease-free survival rate was among the luminal A subgroup and the worst disease-free survival rate was among the HER-2 enriched subgroup. Disease free survival rate in the HER-2 positive groups (luminal B and HER-2 enriched) was worse than the HER-2 negative groups (luminal A and triple negative).

• 한국HCI학회논문지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2009

새로운 서비스 개발 초기 단계에서 지식의 창조는 인터넷 서비스의 성공에 중요한 역할을 한다. 개발 초기 단계에서 사용자는 지식을 창조하는데 중요한 자원으로 활용되며, 이를 위하여 사용자와 개발자 간의 지속적인 상호작용, 즉 사용자 관여가 필요하다. 사용자의 역할은 정보를 제공하는 역할, 자문하는 역할, 참여하는 역할 등의 세가지로 구분될 수 있으며, 역할의 차이에 따라 지식 창조의 과정 또한 달라지게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 인터넷 서비스의 개발 초기 단계에서 사용자의 역할에 따라 어떠한 지식 창조 과정을 거쳐야 실제 서비스 개발에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는지 파악하기 위하여 두 가지의 신규 프로젝트를 대상으로 사례 연구를 실시하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 개발 초기 단계에서 지식 창조의 과정과 사용자 역할 간의 관계를 규명함과 동시에 실제 서비스 개발을 위한 사용자 관여의 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.153-162
• /
• 2019

Anthropogenic disturbances, including coastal habitat modification and climate change are threatening the stability of kelp beds, one of the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems. To test the effect of temperature and irradiance on the microscopic gametophyte and juvenile sporophyte stages of the rare kelp, Saccharina angustissima, from Casco Bay, Maine, USA, we carried out two sets of experiments using a temperature gradient table. The first set of experiments combined temperatures between $7-18^{\circ}C$ with irradiance at 20, 40, and $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. The second set combined temperatures of $3-13^{\circ}C$ with irradiance of 10, 100, and $200{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Over two separate 4-week trials, in 2014 and again in 2015, we monitored gametogenesis, the early growth stages of the gametophytes, and early sporophyte development of this kelp. Gametophytes grew best at temperatures of $8-13^{\circ}C$ at the lowest irradiance of $10-{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Light had a significant effect on both male and female gametophyte growth only at the higher temperatures. Temperatures of $8-15^{\circ}C$ and irradiance levels of $10-100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ were conditions for the highest sporophyte growth. Sporophyte and male gametophyte growth was reduced at both temperature extremes-the hottest and coldest temperatures tested. S. angustissima is a unique kelp species known only from a very narrow geographic region along the coast of Maine, USA. The coupling of global warming with high light intensity effects might pose stress on the early life-history stages of this kelp, although, as an intertidal species, it could also be better adapted to temperature and light extremes than its subtidal counterpart, Saccharina latissima.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
• /
• pp.108-108
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this is to investigate the effects of vitrification in open pulled straws (OPS) on in vitro survival of porcine embryos. Blastocysts were produced by in vitro fertilization of slaughterhouse-derived, in vitro matured oocytes with frozen-thawed boar semen, and subsequent culture on granulosa cell monolayer. After frozen-thawing, embryos were culture in NCSU-23 medium with 5 mM hypotaurine, 4 mg/$m\ell$ BSA and 10 ng/$m\ell$ for 48 hrs to survival tests. When blastocysts were frozen-thawed by OPS methods, the embryos with normal morphology were 32.1, 34.5 and 38.9 % in early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded blastocyat stages. The rates of partial damaged embryos were significantly (P<0.05) higher in early biastocysts than expanded blastocysts. In another experiment, the embryos frozen by OPS methods were cultured for 48 hrs for survival and developmental rates in vitro. The proportions of embryos hatched were 11.8, 20.2 and 33.3% in embryos frozen-thawed at stages of early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded embryos. On the other hand, The proportions of embryo with normal morphology after culture were 23.5, 25.0 and 33.3% in embryos frozen-thawed at stages of early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded embryos. These finding indicate the possible broader application for OPS methods that this procedure described is relatively harmless, that it can be used for blastocysts of different developmental stages.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.225-233
• /
• 1975

1968년 6월,1969년 7월 및 1971년 7월에 해운대 동백섬 연안에서 채집된 953개체의 점망둑 자치어를 재료로 하여 초기생활사에 따른 형태변화 과정중 기조수의 변화, 색소포의 발달과정 및 배지느러미의 형성과정을 관찰하였다. 본 종은 제1등지내러미의 기조원기는 8.0 mm 전후에서 생겨나며 9.2mm 전후에서 완성하며 모든 지느러미의 연조는 초기치어기인 17.0mm 전후에서 완성된다고 생각된다. 색소포의 발달은 3단계로 구분할 수 있는데 후기자어기$(6.3\~14.2mm)$ 있어서 몸의 배면과 미부 복측면 및 꼬리지느러미 기저에 분포하고 있는 경우와, 후기 자어말기$(17.0\~2.44mm)$에 미부의 체측정중선에 일단의 색소총이 생기고 이것이 점점 전방으로 확대분포하는 시간 및 초기치어기$(27.2\~34.8mm)$에 몸 전체에 걸쳐 운형 및 H자상으로 분포되어 종의 특징을 나타내는 시기로 구분된다. 배지느러미의 형성과정은 후기자어기인 전장 7.4mm일 때 기조의 원기가 나타나서 17.0mm 전후에 기조가 완성되며 전장 30.0mm 전후에서 흡반이 완성된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.398-403
• /
• 1998

The objective of the present study was to examine the developmental rates, and the stage of development in relation to time since fertilization, of in vitro produced buffalo embryos. Buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro. The fertilized oocytes (n = 248) were then co-cultured with buffalo oviductal epithelial cells and evaluated for the developmental stages on Days 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 post-insemination. The peak of 4-cell stage embryos was observed on Day 2 (63.7 %), whereas Day 4 was marked by peaks of 6-8-cell stage embryos (20.9%) and 16-cell stage embryos to early morulae (50%). On Days 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 post-insemination, 49.5, 48.3, 38.3, 33.8 and 33.4% embryos were found to be at morula/compact morula stages, 8.8, 12.5, 25.4, 6.0 and 1.2% at early blastocyst/blastocyst stages, 0, 6.8, 7.2, 15.3 and 2.0% at expanded blastocyst stage and 0, 1.6, 4.8, 19.3 and 38.5% hatching/hatched blastocyst stages, respectively. The peaks of early blastocyst/blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatching/hatched blastocyst stages were observed on Days 8, 9 and 10, respectively. The percentages of oocytes which initially became arrested and subsequently degenerated were 3.6, 4.8, 10.4, 14.5, 21.3 and 24.5% on Days 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 post-insemination, respectively.

• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.29-29
• /
• 1982

Carcinogenesis is extremely complex. Therefore, it is paradoxical but nonetheless important in cancer research if, in an animal whose parental strains are normally sensitive to cancer induction, we could find mutant strains which are resistant to various carcinogens as a result of mutations in one or two genes. No such mutants have been reported so far as I am aware but we do know that at early stages in their development, fish, mice, and humans are highly resistant to cancer induction by chemicals and radiation. I will give a brief overview of the stage-dependent resistance of fish, mice and humans to cancer induction and discuss the stem-cell mutation theory to explain the cancer-resistant stages. Finally, the latent period of induced neoplasms will be discussed in relation to the stem-cell mutation theory.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.93-114
• /
• 2004

The purposes of the present study were to identify the stages of early concept development of the air in young Korean children and to compare the stages with those reported by Piaget. The subjects were 87 four, five, and six-year-old children from one kindergarten, two day care centers, and an elementary school, all located in Seoul. To collect the children's ideas of the air, individual interviews were conducted based on Piaget's Clinical Interview method. According to the results, the children formulated very unique concepts of the air, showing artificialism, anthropocentric finalism, animism, and dualism. Their concepts of the air showed a consistent developmental process which is very similar to the stages proposed by Piaget. This implies that young children's misconcepts and idosyncratic ideas are very natural and can not be eliminate easily by artificial instruction. This also means that children's internal ideas themselves should be the starting point of education.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 1986

The onset of photophosphorylation at the various stages of greening showed different patterns with varying concentrations of Pi. With further greening, ATP formation occurred at the lower concentration of Pi (48 hrs; 0.05 mM). At early stages of greening, more Pi was required for photophosphorylation (6 hrs; 5.0 mM). The addition of cell-free extracts of etiolated barley seedlings resulted in the competitive inhibition of photophophorylation. The apparent inhibition by cell-free extracts were gradually decreased during greening of etiolated barley seedlings. We found that the inhibitors of photophosphorylation in cell-free extracts were some organic phosphates and most of them was P-choline. P-choline inhibited photophosphorylation competitively with Pi and its content was decreased considerably in greening. It is likely that P-choline partly delay the photophorylation in early stages of greening.