• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2012

Using data from the 2008 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, this study investigated the income class differences in the modes, amount of time, and expenses for caring and educating a child in early childhood. The sample consisted of 1,849 households with a child aged 6 years or less. The major findings were as follows. First, the lower-income class was more likely to rely on child care centers and less likely to use services provided by kindergarten or private education. Their total amount of time required to provide care and education for their child was about 4 or 5 hours less than that of the other income classes; this result was due to the fact that they consumed less hours for home care, kindergarten, and private education. Second, we found there were more similarities than differences between middle-income and upper-income classes in the modes, amount of time, and expenses to care for and educate their young children; however, the middle-income class used less private education than the upper-income classes in terms of usage rate and length of time. Lastly, the other variables which were significantly related with the amount of time and expenses for child care and education included mother's employment, age of the child, and having siblings, and the family size. Based on the results, implications for public policy on early childhood care and education were suggested.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aims to identify differences in breast self-examination (BSE) performance and influencing factors between woman-groups under and over 45 years old. Methods: The subjects were 152 women aged from 35 to 65, who were recruited through convenient sampling in a metropolitan city. They were divided into two groups: under and over 45 years old. The data were collected using self-reporting questionnaires and analyzed by $x^2$ test, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Experience of BSE education ($x^2$=4.68, p=.030), BSE performance ($x^2$=20.12, p<.001), confidence (t=-2.97, p=.003), and self-efficacy (t=-2.44, p=.016) were significantly higher in the group over 45 years (the older group) than the one under 45 years (the younger group). Self-efficacy (${\beta}$=.346, p=.004) and susceptibility (${\beta}$=.238, p=.002) were 17.6% of the variance in the younger group's BSE performance. On the other hand, significantly influencing factors on the older group's BSE performance were self-efficacy (${\beta}$=.500, p<.001) and BSE education (${\beta}$=.217, p<.001), which accounted for 25% of the variance in the BSE performance. Conclusion: We conclude that differentiated strategies of considering age should be established in nursing intervention to detect breast cancer early.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6575-6579
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy among females and is a leading cause of death of middle-aged women. Herein, we evaluated baseline characteristics for BC patients and also compared these variables across ealry and late recurrence groups. Materials and Methods: Between 1995 to 2014, among female breast cancer patients referred to our oncology clinic, eighty-six were entered into our study. All had distant metastasis. Early recurrence was defined as initial recurrence within 5 years following curative surgery irrespective of site. Likewise, late recurrence was defined as initial recurrence after 5 years. No recurrence was defined for survivors to a complete minimum of 10 years follow-up. Significant prognostic factors associated with early or late recurrence were selected according to the Akaike Information Criterion. Results: The median follow-up was 9 years (range, 1-18 years). During follow-up period, 51 recurrences occurred (distant metastasis), 31 early and 20 late. According to the site of recurrence, there were 51 distant. In this follow-up period, 19 patients died. Compared with the early recurrence group, the no recurrence group had lower lymph node involvement and more p53 positive lesions but the late recurrence group had lower tumor size. In comparison to no recurrence, p53 (odds ratio [OR] 6.94, 95% CI 1.49-32.16) was a significant prognostic factor for early recurrence within 5 years. Conclusions: Tumor size, p53 and LN metastasis are the most important risk factors for distance recurrence especially in early recurrence and also between of them, p53 is significant prognostic factor for early recurrence.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7235-7239
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• 2014

Cervical cancer, the third commonest cancer in women worldwide, can be prevented through early detection by cervical screening (Pap smear). The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate university students from 25 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 9,194 female undergraduate university students aged 18-26 years (mean age 20.9, SD=2.0) from 26 universities in 25 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas. Overall, 11.6% of the female students indicated that they had conducted one or more times a cervical (Pap) smear test; 8.3% among 18-20 year-olds and 15.6% among 21-26 year-old students. There was considerable country variation on having had a cervical (Pap) smear test among 21-26 year-old female university students, ranging from 59.2% in Colombia and 50.9% in Barbados to 0% in India and 1.0% in Tunesia. Logistic regression showed that cervical cancer screening importance or positive attitude were highly associated with the cervical screening practice. Moreover, risky sexual behaviour and tobacco use, two cervical cancer risk factors, were associated with screening. Cervical cancer screening practices were found to be inadequate and e fforts should be made to develop programmes that can increase the uptake of cervical cancer screening.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study is to forecast changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases and health expenditure by age group. Methods: Based on the Future Elderly Model, this study projects the size of Korean population, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and health expenditure over the 2014-2040 period using two waves (2012, 2013) of the Korea Health Panel and National Health Insurance Service database. Results: First, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases by 2040. The population with hypertension increases 2.04 times; the diabetes increases 2.43 times; and the cancer increases 3.38 times. Second, health expenditure on chronic diseases increases as well. Health expenditure on hypertension increases 4.33 times (1,098,753 million won in 2014 to 4,760,811 million won in 2040); diabetes increases 5.34 times (792,444 million won in 2014 to 4,232,714 million won in 2040); and cancer increases 6.09 times (4,396,223 million won in 2014 to 26,776,724 million won in 2040). Third, men and women who belong to the early middle-aged group (44-55 years old) as of 2014, have the highest increase rate in health spending. Conclusion: Most Korean literature on health expenditure estimation employs a macro-simulation approach and does not fully take into account personal characteristics and behaviors. Thus, this study aims to benefit medical administrators and policy makers to frame effective and targeted health policies by analyzing personal-level data with a microsimulation model and providing health expenditure projections by age group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.505-511
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• 2007

Objectives : While cervical cancer is one of the leading cancers among women worldwide, there are a number of effective early detection tests available. However, the participation rates in cervical cancer screening among Korean women remain low. After the nationwide efforts in 1988 and thereafter to encourage participation in cervical cancer screening, few studies have investigated the effects of socioeconomic inequality on participation in cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the level of socioeconomic disparities in receiving cervical cancer screening by age group and 2) if there was an improvement in reducing these disparities between 1995 and 2001. Methods : Using data from the Korean National Health Status, Health Behavior and Belief Survey in 1995, the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1998 and 2001 (sample sizes of 2,297, 3,738, and 3,283), age-standardized participation rates were calculated according to education level, equivalized household income, and job status. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated after controlling for age. Results : Women with lower education levels were less likely to attend the screening test, and the disparities by education level were most pronounced among women aged 60 years and older. The RIIs among women 60 years and older were 3.64, 4.46, and 8.64 in 1995, 1998, and 2001, respectively. Higher rates of participation were reported among those in the highest income category, which was more notable among the middle aged women (40s and 50s). An inconsistent trend in the rate of participation in cervical cancer screening by occupational level was found. Conclusions : Indicators of socioeconomic position seem to have varying impacts on the inequalities in the rates of participation in cervical cancer screening according to age group. These results demonstrate the need for more aggressive and age-based interventions and policy programs to eliminate the remaining inequalities.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2009

이 연구는 중장년층 여성의 유방암과 자궁경부암 검진을 위한 지식, 인지된 자기효능감, 의사소통 기술을 향상시키기 위하여 디자인된 암 검진네비게이터 교육의 효과를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 암 검진 네비게이터는 건강에 대한 조언을 해주는 이웃으로 지역사회에서 필요한 정보를 제공하고 암 검진에 관한 정서적 지지를 해준다. 연구 대상자는 12시간의 교육을 받은 40-69세의 여성 33명과 대조군 30명이며, 자료 분석은 SPSS 14.0을 이용하여 기술 분석과 paired t-test를 실시하였다. 교육내용은 암 조기검진을 통한 조기치료 성공사례, 유방암 및 자궁경부암 조기검진의 이점, 암 검진을 위한 보건의료 서비스, 암 조기검진 지도자의 역할, 의사소통 기술, 변화단계 이론 및 역할극으로 구성되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 암 검진 네비게이터 교육 프로그램은 지역사회 자원을 활용하여 암수검률을 향상시키고자 하였고, 지역사회 주민의 암에 관한 지식과 의사소통 기술을 증진시키는데 효과가 있었다. 이는 지역사회 주민의 암 조기검진 수검률 향상을 위해 암 검진 네비게이터를 지속적으로 육성해야 함을 시사한다. 또한 유방암과 자궁경부암에 대한 조기검진 수검률이 낮은 것은 암에 대한 지식수준이 낮고 암 발생의 심각성, 암 검진의 편익에 대한 이해가 부족하므로 더 많은 홍보의 필요성을 시사하며 암 검진 네비게이터의 지속적인 활동이 이와 같은 문제를 해결하는데 일익을 담당할 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 암으로 인한 사망률 감소를 위해서는 암 검진 수검률을 향상시켜야 하며 이를 위해서는 본 연구에서 개발된 암검진 네비게이터 교육 프로그램의 지속적인 확대와 평가가 이루어져야 한다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같이 제언하는 바이다. 첫째, 본 연구 결과를 타 지역사회에 적용해 보는 반복 연구와, 둘째, 지역적, 문화적 특성 및 암종별 특성을 고려한 교육으로 암 검진 네비게이터 프로그램을 수정 보완한 연구를 제언한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4347-4351
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• 2012

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women and the principal cause of death in middle aged women. The objective of this study was to describe the trend of breast cancer and its management in Aden and adjacent south-eastern governorates of Yemen during the last 20 years. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of previous studies on patients with breast cancer in Aden and adjacent south-eastern governorates, Yemen (January 1989 through December 2007). The studied variables were: sex, age, time and type of presentation, disease stage, pathological types and the performed surgical treatment. The sources of information were the treatment registry of Aden health office, archives of Al-Gamhouria teaching hospital; major referral and other public and private hospitals in Aden and Aden Cancer Registry. Results: The total number of patients was 476, 99% being females. The age range was 19-88 years. The most affected age was 30-50 years (60.5%), 95% presenting after one month of having breast symptoms. Forty-five percent presented with signs of advanced local disease, while 59.2% had palpable axillary lymph nodes on presentation. Early breast cancer (stages I-II) occurred in 47%, and late breast cancer (stages III-IV) in 51.5%. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the commonest pathology (89.3%). The main surgical treatment was mastectomy (modified radical mastectomy (50%). Conclusion: Breast cancer is predominantly a disease of young with late presentation and advanced disease. Improving health awareness and earlier diagnosis of the disease by health education, encouraging breast self-examination, and providing the mammography equipment and mammary clinics in hospitals are recommended. Establishment of oncology and radiotherapy centers in Aden is a necessity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1990

1988년 대구시내 거주하는 노인 278명을 대상으로 하여 불안우울통합척도(CADS)와 조기경험척도(PTES)로 평가한 성적은 다음과 같다. l. CADS로 평가한 성적이 49점이하는 대조군, 50점 이상은 실험군으로 나누었으며 이들 양군의 성적은 대조군 $40.15{\pm}6.19$, 실험군이 $57.75{\pm}6.37$로 실험군이 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.001). 2. 실험군과 대조군이 각각 평가한 불안우울 항목은 성욕감퇴(Decreased libido) 피로감(Fatigue) 정신적 혼란(Mental disintegration) 정신운동지연(Psychomotor retardation) 및 이상감각과 전신통증(Paresthesis and Body-ache & pain)등이 있다. 3. 실험군은 대조군보다 다음과 같은 조기경험 항목이 유의하게 높은 의미를 보였다. 식생활 곤란(Dietary life difficulty), 가족중 과음주자(Alcoholism among family members), 부모간의 불화(Disunion between husband and wife), 부자간의 불화(Trouble between mother and children), 모친상실(Early maternal loss), 부모의 무관심(Patent's indifference), 원치 않는 출생(Unwanted birth)등이었다(p<0.001). 그리고, 거부적 부모태도 항목중 주워 온 자식이란 부모의 위협(Threat of parent's rejection), 차라리 죽어버리라는 위협(Threat of my parent desiring my early death), 부모의 과잉간섭, 심한징벌(Severe punishment by parent), 잡일 시키기(Parent's demand of doing domestic chores) 및 기타 정신 사회적요인 항목중 도깨비나 귀신의 위협(Fear of devil or ghost)등이었다. 4. 실험군과 대조군을 비교했을 때 실험군에서 조기경험성적이 유의하게 높은 사회 정신의학적 요인은 다음과 같다. 성별, 연령별, 결혼 상태별 및 성장지별성적은 실험군에서 모두 높았다(p<0.001). 노인자신이 무직, 중류 및 하류계층일 경우와 부모가 농업 및 상업일 경우 그리고 무종교나 불교일 경우에 조기경험성적이 높았다(p<0.001). 형제자매가 많거나 자녀가 많을 경우 노인자신이 자녀와 동거할 때 조기경험성적이 높았다(p<0.001).

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2014

중국 수용자들은 아이치이, 유쿠, 러스왕, PPTV 등 온라인 동영상 서비스 같은 미디어 환경의 변화로 여러 채널을 통해 한국, 미국, 일본, 영국, 태국, 인도 등 다양한 국가의 드라마, 영화, 오락 프로그램 등을 선택, 시청할 수가 있다. 최근 다양한 장르의 한국 대중문화가 중국에서 인기를 끌고 있는데, 이러한 현상은 중년 여성을 중심으로 한 드라마가 인기였던 초기 한류 시기(1997-200년대 초)와는 달리, 현재는 드라마뿐만 아니라 K-pop, 오락 프로그램 등 다양한 장르로 퍼져나갔고 인터넷 동영상 서비스를 통해 한국 대중문화를 접할 수 있게 되었다. 본 연구는 중국 80-90호우(后)의 외국 대중문화 수용태도를 파악하고자 한국, 미국, 일본 대중문화의 선호 장르와 이유, 선호 대중문화 및 국가 이미지를 비교분석하였다. 분석결과, 국가별 선호 장르와 이유에서의 유사점과 차이점을 발견할 수 있었으며, 선호 대중문화와 국가 이미지와의 밀접한 관계를 파악할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 중국에서의 한류의 지속가능한 발전 모색을 위한 기초자료로 사용하는데 기여하고자 한다.