• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2012

In this paper, we first show that for any space X, there is a Boolean subalgebra $\mathcal{G}(z_X)$ of R(X) containg $\mathcal{G}(X)$. Let X be a strongly zero-dimensional space such that $z_{\beta}^{-1}(X)$ is the minimal cloz-coevr of X, where ($E_{cc}({\beta}X)$, $z_{\beta}$) is the minimal cloz-cover of ${\beta}X$. We show that the minimal cloz-cover $E_{cc}(X)$ of X is a subspace of the Stone space $S(\mathcal{G}(z_X))$ of $\mathcal{G}(z_X)$ and that $E_{cc}(X)$ is a strongly zero-dimensional space if and only if ${\beta}E_{cc}(X)$ and $S(\mathcal{G}(z_X))$ are homeomorphic. Using these, we show that $E_{cc}(X)$ is a strongly zero-dimensional space and $\mathcal{G}(z_X)=\mathcal{G}(X)$ if and only if ${\beta}E_{cc}(X)=E_{cc}({\beta}X)$.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.457-471
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• 2009

Let S = {a, b, c, ...} and ${\Gamma}$ = {${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, ...} be two nonempty sets. S is called a ${\Gamma}$-semigroup if $a{\alpha}b{\in}S$, for all ${\alpha}{\in}{\Gamma}$ and a, b ${\in}$ S and $(a{\alpha}b){\beta}c=a{\alpha}(b{\beta}c)$, for all a, b, c ${\in}$ S and for all ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ ${\in}$ ${\Gamma}$. An element $e{\in}S$ is said to be an ${\alpha}$-idempotent for some ${\alpha}{\in}{\Gamma}$ if $e{\alpha}e$ = e. A ${\Gamma}$-semigroup S is called an E-inversive ${\Gamma}$-semigroup if for each $a{\in}S$ there exist $x{\in}S$ and ${\alpha}{\in}{\Gamma}$ such that a${\alpha}$x is a ${\beta}$-idempotent for some ${\beta}{\in}{\Gamma}$. A ${\Gamma}$-semigroup is called a right E-${\Gamma}$-semigroup if for each ${\alpha}$-idempotent e and ${\beta}$-idempotent f, $e{\alpha}$ is a ${\beta}$-idempotent. In this paper we investigate different properties of E-inversive ${\Gamma}$-semigroup and right E-${\Gamma}$-semigroup.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2009

To evaluate the involvement of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E in Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection in pepper, we conducted a genetic analysis using a segregating population derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'Dempsey' containing an elF4E mutation ($pvr1^2$) and C. annuum 'Perennial' containing an elFiso4E mutation (pvr6). C. annuum 'Dempsey' was susceptible and C. annuum 'Perennial' was resistant to ChiVMV. All $F_1$ plants showed resistance, and $F_2$ individuals segregated in a resistant-susceptible ratio of 166:21, indicating that many resistance loci were involved. Seventy-five $F_2$ and 329 $F_3$ plants of 17 families were genotyped with $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 allele-specific markers, and the genotype data were compared with observed resistance to viral infection. All plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 were resistant to ChiVMV, demonstrating that simultaneous mutations in elF4E and eIFiso4E confer resistance to ChiVMV in pepper. Genotype analysis of $F_2$ plants revealed that all plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 showed resistance to ChiVMV. In protein-protein interaction experiments, ChiVMV viral genome-linked protein (VPg) interacted with both eIF4E and eIFiso4E. Silencing of elF4E and eIFiso4E in the VIGS experiment showed reduction in ChiVMV accumulation. These results demonstrated that ChiVMV can use both eIF4E and eIFiso4E for replication, making simultaneous mutations in eIF4E and eIFiso4E necessary to prevent ChiVMV infection in pepper.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.469-480
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• 2020

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M a unital R-module. We give a new generalization of exact sequences called e-exact sequences. A sequence $0{\rightarrow}A{\longrightarrow[20]^f}B{\longrightarrow[20]^g}C{\rightarrow}0$ is said to be e-exact if f is monic, Imf ≤_e Kerg and Img ≤_e C. We modify many famous theorems including exact sequences to one includes e-exact sequences like 3 × 3 lemma, four and five lemmas. Next, we prove that for torsion-free module M, the contravariant functor Hom(-, M) is left e-exact and the covariant functor M ⊗ - is right e-exact. Finally, we define e-projective module and characterize it. We show that the direct sum of R-modules is e-projective module if and only if each summand is e-projective.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.137-149
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• 2020

Let γ⁽ⁿ⁾ ≡ {γ_ij} (0 ≤ i+j ≤ 2n, |i-j| ≤ n) be a sequence in the complex number set ℂ and let E (n) be the Embry truncated moment matrices corresponding from γ⁽ⁿ⁾. For an odd number n, it is known that γ⁽ⁿ⁾ has a rank E (n)-atomic representing measure if and only if E(n) ≥ 0 and E(n) admits a flat extension E(n + 1). In this paper we suggest a related problem: if E(n) is positive and nonsingular, does E(n) have a flat extension E(n + 1)? and give a negative answer in the case of E(3). And we obtain some necessary conditions for positive and nonsingular matrix E (3), and also its sufficient conditions.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1988

The main result of this paper is a characterization of almost projective modules over art in algebras by means of irreducible maps and almost split sequences. A module X is an almost projective module if and only if it has a presentation $0{\longrightarrow}L{\longrightarrow^{\alpha}}P{\longrightarrow}X{\longrightarrow}0$ with projective module P and irreducible maps ${\alpha}$. Let X be an injective almost projective non simple module and $0{\rightarrow}Dtr(x){\rightarrow}E{\rightarrow}X{\rightarrow}0$ be an almost split sequence. If $E=E_1{\oplus}E_2$ is a direct decomposition of indecomposable modules then ${\ell}(X)=3$.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.303-330
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• 2017

본 연구는 나이지리아 남서부에 위치한 일레이페($Il{\acute{e}}-If{\acute{e}}$, 혹은 이페$If{\acute{e}}$)를 중심으로 그 지역 고대 유물과 창조신화를 통해 현재 나이지리아 요루바족 예술문화 전통의 근원을 살펴보고, 문화의 상대성에 대해 상기해 보고자 하는 데 있다. 구전 전통에서 왕국 이제부, 오요, 베냉은 그 기원을 모두 일레이페지역에 두고 있고, 특히 오요와 이제부 왕국의 건립자는 일레이페의 통치자이며 요루바족의 신 오두두와(Oduduwa)의 아들들이라고 전해진다. 이처럼 당시 일레이페를 중심으로 세워진 왕국들은 같은 지역과 동일한 창조신이라는 공통분모를 통해 문화적, 종교적, 사회적으로 밀접하게 연결되어 있다. 요루바 문화를 이해하기 위해서 그들의 예술과 문화 전통의 근원인 일레이페에 대한 연구는 중요하다. 일레이페에 뿌리를 내린 요루바족은 자신들의 예술성을 태초부터 꾸준히 간직해 왔으며, 수세기 동안 그 형식과 형태를 그대로 유지시켜오면서 현재까지도 그들의 생활 속에서 활용하고 있기 때문이다. 그것의 증거들이 요루바족의 수많은 예술품들과 정신문화를 대표하는 문화유산인, 이파점술과 신화 등이다. 이파 점술은 요루바족의 신 '에슈'와 '이파'가 관련된 요루바족 풍습 가운데 하나로 지금까지 요루바족 사이에서 행해지고 있다. 만일 이러한 요루바족 전통 풍습을 비롯하여 아프리카의 문화와 문명이 비논리적이고 미신적이라고 여겨진다면, 그것은 태초의 것을 원형 그대로 유지시키고자 하는 그들의 노력을 다른 문화 차원의 기준에서 오도하는 것이다. 만일 그렇다면 타문화와 문명의 상대성과 그 문화와 문명을 판단하는 가치 기준의 다양성과 유연성의 필요를 재인식해야 할 것이다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.135-156
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• 2007

The aims of this study are to determine if the perceived risk of e-commerce affect the Internet shopping mall users' decision to pre-purchase an item via e-commerce, to find out if there are differences among the induced perceived risk according to gender, and to verify if the perceived risk according to gender have a correlation to a person's decision to pre-purchase an item via e-commerce. It can thus be concluded that the pre-perceived risk of e-commerce affect the Internet shopping mall users' purchase intention. Different results were obtained, though, according to gender. Moreover, the perceived risk of e-commerce based on gender and the purchase intention of the Internet shopping mall users were shown not to have a correlation. This means that although slightly different study results were presented, e-commerce purchasers can use these results to recognize the risk of e-commerce.

• BMB Reports
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.539-545
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• 2017

The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) refers to a signaling pathway initiated by stress-activated $eIF2{\alpha}$ kinases. Once activated, the pathway causes attenuation of global mRNA translation while also paradoxically inducing stress response gene expression. A detailed analysis of this pathway has helped us better understand how stressed cells coordinate gene expression at translational and transcriptional levels. The translational attenuation associated with this pathway has been largely attributed to the phosphorylation of the translational initiation factor $eIF2{\alpha}$. However, independent studies are now pointing to a second translational regulation step involving a downstream ISR target, 4E-BP, in the inhibition of eIF4E and specifically cap-dependent translation. The activation of 4E-BP is consistent with previous reports implicating the roles of 4E-BP resistant, Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) dependent translation in ISR active cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the translation inhibition mechanisms engaged by the ISR and how they impact the translation of stress response genes.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2012

In this paper, we prove that if K is a convex body in $E^n$ and $E_i$ and $E_o$ are inscribed ellipsoid and circumscribed ellipsoid of K respectively with ${\alpha}E_i=E_o$, then $\[({\alpha})^{\frac{n}{p}+1}\]^n{\omega}^2_n{\geq}V(K)V({\Gamma}^{\ast}_pK){\geq}\[(\frac{1}{\alpha})^{\frac{n}{p}+1}\]^n{\omega}^2_n$. Lutwak and Zhang[6] proved that if K is a convex body, ${\omega}^2_n=V(K)V({\Gamma}_pK)$ if and only if K is an ellipsoid. Our inequality provides very elementary proof for their result and this in turn gives a lower bound of the volume product for the sets of constant width.