• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.319-323
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• 2004

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is of great interest because of its important roles in the oxidation of numerous drugs and xenobiotics. HDJ-1, a molecular chaperone in human, is known to assist the correct folding of unfolded proteins. To achieve a high yield of recombinant human CYP3A4 in Escherichia coli, the CYP3A4 encoding gene was co-expressed with the chaperone HDJ-1, under the control of an inducible tac promoter in a bicistronic format. The levels of expression of the CYP3A4 in the bicistronic construct reached up to 715 nmol $(liter culture)^{-1}$ within 16 h at $37^{\circ}C$, which was about a 3.3-fold increase compared to that of the CYP3A4 alone without the HDJ-1. By co-expression with HDJ-1, the catalytic activity of CYP3A4 was also increased by -15-fold. The amount of activity increase was similar to that of the CYP production at the whole cell level. The present over-expression system may be useful for the rapid production of large amounts of active CYP3A4 in E. coli.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-23
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• 2015

As the Internet rapidly emerges as a speedy and cost-effective way of purchasing goods from overseas websites, the number of disputes arising out of overseas direct purchases also increases. In such situations, a disgruntled consumer might be left without an effective remedy. Providing an alternative approach to redress such grievances might assist in resolving such disputes and in increasing consumer confidence in e-commerce. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) will allow consumers to solve their disputes without going to court, in a quick, low-cost, and simple way. It also helps to eliminate complex jurisdictional and choice-of-law problems. On the other hand, it has many problems such as having inadequate confidentiality and security, not being able to meet the "writing" requirement for arbitration of disputes, having difficulty in enforcing online arbitration agreements, having difficulties in enforcing online decisions and so on. This article investigates relationship online disputes and ODR and suggests ways that ODR can work best in resolving disputes arising out of overseas direct purchases. To expand the ODR system in online disputes, it is very important for domestic consumers to recognize the concept and usefulness of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and ODR systems. The Korean government must also help consumers recognize the ADR mechanisms of dispute resolution by public campaign advertisement of ADR systems. Further education of dispute resolution in higher educational institutions is also required as well as assisting the KCAB with funds and the establishment of ADR Law.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.33-43
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• 2022

We evaluated the problems of the current disaster psychological recovery support system of the Ministry of Interior and Safety for periodic infectious disease disasters, including COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The current disaster psychological recovery support systems are challenging to preemptively respond to infectious disease disasters over a wide range and for a long period. These result from the workforce shortage according to the face-to-face consultation method and the limited real-time application of consultation contents. Additionally, due to the workforce shortage, it is difficult to track those who have experienced disasters in the long term. Furthermore, most disaster psychology evaluation tools are for adults, and there are few evaluation tools for children and adolescents. This paper presents an advanced disaster psychological recovery support platform technology that can actively assist people in psychological recovery from disasters while mitigating these issues.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.17.1-17.8
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• 2023

The present report describes the endodontic treatment of an Oehlers type II dens invaginatus in a maxillary lateral incisor with 5 root canals, an extremely rare condition. Apical periodontitis and related symptoms were noted. Cone-beam computed tomography was used to aid the diagnosis, reveal tooth morphology, and assist in canal location. The pulp chamber was carefully accessed, and the root canals were explored under magnification. All root canals were prepared with an R25 Reciproc Blue system and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation. After initial preparation, a self-adjusting file (SAF) with NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was used to complement the disinfection. Additionally, calcium hydroxide medication was applied. Vertical compaction was used to fill the canals with a calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer and gutta-percha. After 12 months, the patient exhibited healing of the periapical region, absence of symptoms, and normal dental function. In conclusion, this nonsurgical treatment protocol was successful in promoting the cure of apical periodontitis. Both complementary disinfection with an SAF and use of calcium hydroxide medication should be considered when choosing the best treatment approach for dens invaginatus with very complex anatomy.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2018

Automatic Generation Control (AGC) has functionally controlled the interchange power flow in order to suppress the dynamic oscillations of frequency and tie-line power deviations as a perturbation occurs in the interconnected multi-area power system. Furthermore, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) can effectively assist AGC to more enhance the dynamic stability of power system. So, Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the well-known FACTS devices, is here applied to accurately control and regulate the load frequency of multi-area multi-source interconnected power system. The research and efforts made in this regard have caused to introduce the Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) based SSSC, to alleviate both the most significant issues in multi-area interconnected power systems i.e., frequency and tie-line power deviations. Due to multi-objective nature of aforementioned problem, suppression of the frequency and tie-line power deviations is formularized in the form of a multi-object problem. Considering the high performance of Multi Objective Bees Algorithm (MOBA) in solution of the non-linear objectives, it has been utilized to appropriately unravel the optimization problem. To verify and validate the dynamic performance of self-defined FOPID-SSSC, it has been thoroughly evaluated in three different multi-area interconnected power systems. Meanwhile, the dynamic performance of FOPID-SSSC has been accurately compared with a conventional controller based SSSC while the power systems are affected by different Step Load Perturbations (SLPs). Eventually, the simulation results of all three power systems have transparently demonstrated the dynamic performance of FOPID-SSSC to significantly suppress the frequency and tie-line power deviations as compared to conventional controller based SSSC.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2008

Purpose: The major complication of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning is respiratory failure as a result of cholinergic toxicity. Many clinicians find it difficult to predict the optimal time to initiate mechanical ventilation (MV) weaning, and as a result have tended to provide a prolonged ventilator support period. The purpose of this study is to determine any clinical predictors based on patients characteristics and laboratory findings to assist in the optimal timing of mechanical ventilator weaning. Methods: We reviewed medical and intensive care records of 44 patients with acute OP poisoning who required mechanical ventilation admitted to medical intensive care unit between July 1998 and June 2007. Patient information regarding the poisoning, clinical data and demographic features, APACHE II score, laboratory data, and serial cholinesterase (chE) levels were collected. Base on the time period of MV, the patients were divided into two groups: early group (wean time < 7 days, n = 28) and delayed group (${\geq}$ 7 days, n = 16). Patients were assessed for any clinical characteristics and predictors associated with the MV weaning period. Results: During the study period, 44 patients were enrolled in this study. We obtained the sensitivity and specificity values of predictors in the late weaning group. APACHE II score and a reciprocal convert of hypoxic index but specificity (83.8%) is only APACHE II score. Also, the chE concentration (rho = -0.517, p = 0.026) and APACHE II score (rho = 0.827, p < 0.001) correlated with a longer mechanical ventilation duration. Conclusion: In patients with acute OP poisoning who required mechanical ventilation, the APACHE II scoring system on a point scale of less than 17 and decrements in cholinesterase levels on 1-3 days were good predictors of delayed MV weaning.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.31 no.3_4
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• pp.152-159
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• 2004

The Grid system is an emerging computing infrastructure that will substitute for existing distributed systems. However end users have a difficulty in using the Grid because of its complicated usage, which is an inherent characteristic from the heterogeneous mechanism of the Grid. In this paper, we present the JCML(Job Control Markup Language) and its GUI-based editor, which not only provide users with ease of use, improved working environment, but assist users to execute their jobs efficiently The JCML is a job control language that improves the RSL of Globus, which defines global services in Grid. The JCML is designed to support flexibility among various Grid services using standard XML. And it makes use of a graph representation method, GXL(Graph eXchange Language), to specify detailed job properties and dependencies among jobs using nodes and edges. The JCML editor provides users with GUI-based interface. With the JCML editor, a complicated job order can be easily completed using very simple manipulations with a mouse, such as a drag-and-drop.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2018

Background: Maintenance operations on-board ships are highly demanding. Maintenance operations are intensive activities requiring high man-machine interactions in challenging and evolving conditions. The evolving conditions are weather conditions, workplace temperature, ship motion, noise and vibration, and workload and stress. For example, extreme weather condition affects seafarers' performance, increasing the chances of error, and, consequently, can cause injuries or fatalities to personnel. An effective human error probability model is required to better manage maintenance on-board ships. The developed model would assist in developing and maintaining effective risk management protocols. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a human error probability model considering various internal and external factors affecting seafarers' performance. Methods: The human error probability model is developed using probability theory applied to Bayesian network. The model is tested using the data received through the developed questionnaire survey of >200 experienced seafarers with >5 years of experience. The model developed in this study is used to find out the reliability of human performance on particular maintenance activities. Results: The developed methodology is tested on the maintenance of marine engine's cooling water pump for engine department and anchor windlass for deck department. In the considered case studies, human error probabilities are estimated in various scenarios and the results are compared between the scenarios and the different seafarer categories. The results of the case studies for both departments are also compared. Conclusion: The developed model is effective in assessing human error probabilities. These probabilities would get dynamically updated as and when new information is available on changes in either internal (i.e., training, experience, and fatigue) or external (i.e., environmental and operational conditions such as weather conditions, workplace temperature, ship motion, noise and vibration, and workload and stress) factors.

• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.314-318
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• 2019

A simple and very flexible automatic dipping machine was constructed for producing functional multilayer films on wide substrates via the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. The proposed machine exhibits several features that allow a fully automated coating operation, such as various depositing recipes, control of the dipping depth and time, operating speed, and rinsing flow, air-assist drying nozzles, and an operation display. The machine uniformly dips a substrate into aqueous mixtures containing complementary (e.g., oppositely charged, capable of hydrogen bonding, or capable of covalent bonding) species. Between the dipping of each species, the sample is spray cleaned with deionized water and blow-dried with air. The dipping, rinsing, and drying areas and times are adjustable by a computer program. Graphene-based thin films up to ten-bilayers were prepared and characterized. This film exhibits the highly filled multilayer structures and low thermal resistance, indicating that the robotic dipping system is simple to produce functional thin film coatings with a variety of different layers.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 1993

Overproduced proteins in many cases result in forming insoluble inclusion bodies, and their formation might be due to high concentration of protein. To investigate how proteins become insoluble, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and .betha.-lactamase were overproduced, and their solubilities and activities were determined. CAT was accumulated from 9 to 45% of total cellular protein in a fully soluble form without inclusion body formation. CAT specific activity was shown to be proportional to the amount of the protein produced. Moderately produced .betha.-lactamase by the phase T7 expression system at 30.deg.C comprised only mature forms in a soluble form. However, overproduced .betha.-lactamase at 37.deg.C became insoluble. Most precursor forms of .betha.-lactamase in the cytoplasm were insoluble, whereas majority of the mature forms in the periplasm space were soluble. Also, chaperone GroE proteins which assist proper protein folding and translocation did not increase .betha.-lactamase solubility significantly under the experimental condition. It seems that the formation of inclusion bodies in the cell is related to the nature of protein itself rather than just to high concentration of protein.