• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2009

This study examined how differing triathlon durations effect weight, serum sodium concentration, and hematological levels, and investigated relationships between these variables and finishing time as well as between body weight changes and serum sodium following Ironman distance triathlons (IDT) and Olympic distance triathlons (ODT). All eight athletes successfully completed ODT and IOT. We found that the mean body weight decreased following both IDT and ODT and that serum sodium was significantly (p<0.05) increased immediately after IDT, RBC, Hb, Hct, and MCH were significantly (p<0.05) increased immediately after IDT. Hct was significantly (p<0.05) decreased immediately after ODT. MCHC was significantly (p<0.01) increased immediate1y after ODT. In IDT, the percentage of change in body weight correlated to the percentage of change in serum sodium concentrations (r=0.75, p=0.05). In conclusion, our srudy showed that serum sodium concentraion increased in IDT and maintained in ODT, despite significant body weight loss during the races. The percentage of change in body weight was related to serum sodium concentration but unrelated to performance in the triathlon. The changes of RBC, Hb, and Hct values from two different length triathlons were depending on race distance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.139-152
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• 2015

Along with climate change, it is reported that the scale and frequency of extreme climate events show unstable tendency of increase. Thus, to comprehend the change characteristics of precipitation data, it is needed to consider non-stationary. The main objectives of this study were to estimate future design floods for Wonpyeongcheon watershed based on RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) scenario. Wonpyeongcheon located in the Keum River watershed was selected as the study area. Historical precipitation data of the past 35 years (1976~2010) were collected from the Jeonju meteorological station. Future precipitation data based on RCP4.5 were also obtained for the period of 2011~2100. Systematic bias between observed and simulated data were corrected using the quantile mapping (QM) method. The parameters for the bias-correction were estimated by non-parametric method. A non-stationary frequency analysis was conducted with moving average method which derives change characteristics of generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution parameters. Design floods for different durations and frequencies were estimated using rational formula. As the result, the GEV parameters (location and scale) showed an upward tendency indicating the increase of quantity and fluctuation of an extreme precipitation in the future. The probable rainfall and design flood based on non-stationarity showed higher values than those of stationarity assumption by 1.2%~54.9% and 3.6%~54.9%, respectively, thus empathizing the necessity of non-stationary frequency analysis. The study findings are expected to be used as a basis to analyze the impacts of climate change and to reconsider the future design criteria of Wonpyeongcheon watershed.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of hydroxyurea with radiation in carcinoma of the cervix, huge exophytic or endophytic stage IIA and IIb. Materials and Methods : Sixty four patients with carcinoma of the cervix stage IIA (29 patients) with exophytic ($\geq$3cm in diameter) or huge endophytic mass and IIB (35 patients) treated with radiation and hydroxyurea at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University. School of Medicine from Aug, 1989 to May, 1991. The maximum and mean follow up durations were 68 and 57 months respectively. The radiation therapy consisted of external irradiation to the whole pelvis(3600-5400cGy) and boost parametrial doses (for a total of 4500-6300cGy) with midline shield ($4{\times}10$ cm), and combined with intracavitary irradiation (3000-3500 cGy to point A). Hydroxyurea was to be taken in a single oral dose of 1.0gm/day during radiation therapy. Results : The control rate was 89.1%. The actuarial overall five year survival rate was 78.8% for stage IIA and 72.8% for stageIIB. The overall recurrence rate was 25% (16/64). Tewnty-three percent of the patients developed leukopenia ($\geq$grade 3) and four percent of the patients developed grade 3 or greater thrombocytopenia. Grade 3 or greater GI, GU complication and anemia were not noted. There was no treatment related death noted. Conclusion : We considered that hydroxyurea and radiation therapy may improve survival rate in huge exophytic and endophytic stage IIa cervical carcinoma with acceptible morbidity.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.403-409
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• 1993

Between 1988 and 1992, seven patients with overt meningeal leukemia who had received adequate central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis were treated with intermittent craniospinal irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate (IIIC). Follow-up time ranged from 8 months to 41 months with median of 20 months. Three of 7 patients developed subsequent CNS relapse. CNS remission durations were 8, 9, 13, 20, 28, 34, 36 months from diagnosis of CNS leukemia for which IIIC was given. Disease free survival after CNS relapse ranged from 2 to 36 months with median of 11 months. Overall survival after CNS relapse ranged from 8 to 41 months with median of 28 months. Five patients died of sepsis and bleeding secondary to bone marrow relapse. Two patients are alive at present. But they developed recurrent CNS disease 10 to 11 months after completion of IIIC. To improve the outcome, modification of IIIC by reduction of rest period and prolonged administration of intrathecal chemotherapy after completion of IIIC are required.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2016

Background: It is widely accepted that cervical interlaminar steroid injection (CIESI) is more effective in treating radicular pain than axial neck pain, but without direct comparison. And the differences of effect after CIESI according to MRI findings are inconsistent. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the therapeutic response of CIESI according to pain sites, durations, MRI findings, and other predictive factors altogether, unlike previous studies, which evaluated them separately. Methods: The medical records of 128 patients who received fluoroscopy guided CIESI were analyzed. We evaluated the therapeutic response (more than a 50% reduction on the visual analog scale [VAS] by their second visit) after CIESI by (1) pain site; neck pain without radicular pain/radicular pain with or without neck pain, (2) pain duration; acute/chronic (more than 6 month), and (3) findings of MRI; herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD)/spinal stenosis, respectively and altogether. Results: Eighty-eight patients (68%) responded to CIESI, and there were no significant differences in demographic data, initial VAS score, or laboratory findings. And there were no significant differences in the response rate relating to pain site, pain duration, or MRI findings, respectively. In additional analysis, acute radicular pain with HIVD patients showed significantly better response than chronic neck pain with spinal stenosis (P = 0.04). Conclusions: We cannot find any sole predictive factor of therapeutic response to the CIESI. But the patients having acute radicular pain with HIVD showed the best response, and those having other chronic neck pain showed the worst response to CIESI.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.592-599
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• 1996

The variations of asparagine and aspartic acid contents among the soybean varieties and in the different parts of soybean sprout after the different durations of storage were investigated. Asparagine and aspartic acid are known to have the detoxifying effects on acetaldehyde, which is highly toxic metabolites in the process of alcohol metabolism in the human body. The contents of asparagine and aspartic acid of beansprout showed continuosuly increasing trends along with the days to cultivation with a great varietal difference, especially in the roots. The duration of seed storage did not affect contents of asparagine content; the longer storage decreased aspartic acid content remarkably.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2018

Stress involves changes in behavior, autonomic function and the secretion of hormones. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) contributes to physiological adaptive process in short durations. In particular, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is commonly used as a quantitative marker depicting the ANS activity related to mental stress. The aim of this study is to investigate correlations between psychological responses to stress and HRV indices induced by the cognitive stressor. Thirty-three participants rated their mental and physical symptoms occurred during the past two weeks on Stress Response Inventory (SRI), which is composed of seven stress factors that may influence the status of mental stress levels. Then, they underwent the psychophysiological procedures, which are collected electrocardiogram (ECG) signals during a cognitive stress task. HRV indices, the standard deviation of R-R interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD) and low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio were extracted from ECG signals. Physiological responses were calculated stress responses by subtracting mean of the baseline from the mean of recovery. Stress factors such as tension, aggression, depression, fatigue, and frustration were positively correlated to HRV indices. In particular, aggression had significant positive correlations to SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio. Increased aggressive responses to stress correlated with the increases of all HRV indices. This means the increased autonomic coactivation. Additionally, tension, depression, fatigue, and frustration were positively associated with RMSSD reflecting increases in parasympathetic activation. The autonomic coactivation may represent an integrated response to specific cognitive reactions such as the orienting response.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the concentration of seminal plasma in aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the total motility(TM) and the progressive motility(PM) of spermatozoa in long term preservation of cooled equine semen. We also examine the pregnancy rates after artificial insemination using fresh, cooled or frozen semen, and different durations of cooled-preserved equine semen. In the aerobic state of cooled-preserved semen, As the increase of preserved duration to 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h, TM tended to decrease in each of different concentrations of formalin-containing experimental group, TM tended to decrease regardless of the concentrations of SP. In different concentrations of SP, TM of without seminal plasma(SP W/O) group tended to be higher than that of SP 20%, SP 33% and SP 50%, especially TM of SP W/O group was significantly higher than other groups at 96 h (p<0.05). PM was higher in the groups of SP W/O and SP 20% than in the groups of SP 33% and SP 50% from 24 h to 72 h in cooled-preservation, especially PM of SP W/O group was significantly higher than other groups at 96 h (p<0.05). In the anaerobic condition of cooled-preserved semen, the results of TM and PM at different concentrations of SP were similar to the results in the aerobic condition although there was a difference in the ratio. The pregnancy rates of fresh-cooled, cooled-preserved and frozen semen were 66.3%, 60.7% and 34.5%, respectively, and the pregnancy rate of frozen semen was the lowest. We also found that it is possible to pregnancy after artificial insemination using 72 h cooled-preserved equine semen. There was similar of the pregnancy rates in the different month from April to August.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 1997

One of the most critical problems associated with filter-pack data comparisons from various field networks is the use of different sampling flow rates. In this field study, the effects of various filter-pack(FP) sampling conditions were examined. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sampling flow rates (1.5 to 10 sLpm) on measured concentrations of dry acid deposition species. Collocated FP samples were also collected to determine sampling and analysis data reproducibility. Ambient air samples were collected simultaneously for the seven day durations at varous flow rate. The chemical species measured were sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), particulate sulfate(P-$SO_{4}^{2+}$), nitric acid ($HNO_3$), and particulate nitrate (P-$NO_{3}^{-}$). The results indicated that the collocated samples can be measured reproducibly and that sampling bias for the species measured is not significant. It was concluded that variations in the flow rates (1.5 to 10 sLpm) did not significantly affect the concentration of the species of interest. Although the results were not significantly different between different flow rates, artifacts were more likely to occur at high flow conditions (>5 sLpm) (e.g., via volatilization of particulate nitrates) than at low flow conditions(<5 sLpm).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.160-166
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• 2006

We explored the possibilities of using the freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis as a live food for small fishes cultured in fresh- or brackish waters. Brachionus angularis were collected from a reservoir for isolation and laboratory culture. Length and width of the lorica were $102.3{\mu}m$ and $76.6{\mu}m$, respectively, and those of amictic eggs were $64.4{\mu}m\;and\;47.9{\mu}m$, respectively. When their growth rates were examined at six different temperatures, i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$, the highest daily growth rate of 0.801 was observed at $35^{\circ}C$, and growth was lower with decreasing temperature. Adaptation to salinity change was evaluated with two different modes of salinity increase: step-wise elevation lasting for short durations of 5 to 30 min or a long duration of 24 h. With the short duration modes, no individuals survived salinity higher than 10 psu, and the number of live individuals did not increase throughout the experiment. However, in the 24-h elevation, the number of individuals increased when salinity was elevated by 1 to 2 psu per day for the first 2 or 3 days, while no increase in number occurred at salinity increments higher than 3 psu per day. In addition, to assess the effect of different diets, four single-component diets (Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, or dry yeast) and three combination diets (C. vulgaris + Nannochloris sp. + baker's yeast + dry yeast; C. vulgaris 70% + baker's yeast 30%; C. vulgaris 30% + baker's yeast 70%) were used. The specific growth rates of B. angularis fed combination diets were higher than those of rotifers fed any single-component diet, with the highest rate of 0.648 in B. angularis fed a mixture of C. vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, and dry yeast, and the lowest rate of 0.200 in those fed dry yeast only. Our results indicate that the freshwater rotifer B. angularis can be used for seedling production of both freshwater and brackish-water fishes that require small (less than about $120{\mu}m$) live food during their early stages.