• 제목/요약/키워드: dual structure

검색결과 1,155건 처리시간 0.028초

동족(同族)마을의 설촌(設村)시기에서 나타난 입지(立地) 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Condition of Location According to the Formed Time in the Clan Village)

  • 박명덕;박언곤
    • 건축역사연구
    • /
    • 제1권1호
    • /
    • pp.68-87
    • /
    • 1992
  • This study is the conditions of location according to formed the times in the clan village. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. in the 15th century, the characterestics of the village established residencial place where mountain stream flowed surrounded by the mountain and deep in the mountains with superior quality land. That's because Sa-dae-bu put equal importance on beautiful scenery and practical benefit for living. Stream House provided economical foundation for Sa-dae-bu to be able to keep confucial manners by putting limit their economic status to small medium sized land owner. Topographical condition such as valley or hollow separated from the exterior maintained unification of consanguineous village in self sufficient farming society and held on to independent territory against external to be able to stay away from turbulent days so that they formed residential area of Sa-dae-bu clan. And the valley where flowed clean water was considered as the connection of continuous place where distinctiveness of form in each curve and and factor of calm and dynamic scenery of the clean stream. Scholars in the middle of Chosun Dynasty located in the utopia as place for confucious retirement to study, a place for refinement by combination with the nature or as a way of spacial practice based on Confucious view of nature. 2. in the 16th-l7th century, Most of existing consanguineous villages adopt deep in the mountains for refuge. at that place, upward rank was established by settlement of the ancestor who entered in the village first, the principal was placed in the center of the village and since descendants became numerous, it was serialized as the space of descendants. So, it was arranged in the order of social rank. Most of the villages showed development step by step started from precaution by apperance of the mountain to the lower part. It's because the topography of valley around the village worked as the natural hedge against external force and genealogy of the clan, regularity of social status, order of entrance into the village were reflected into residencial destribution. Also, order of the rank coincided with the one of aspects on geomancy. Genealogical rank within the village represented spacial rank. Houses of descendants and branch families were placed lower than the principal which showed worship to the principal. 3. In 18th century after, as the village was settled nearby cultivated land considering economical loss caused by long distance between residencial area and cultivated land, direction of sect followed by development of village expanded from the front part of the village to the rear part. The principal that was poped out to the front presented frontage over exterior. Therefore, residencial area of branch families expanded to the rear starting from the principal. This represented a slice of social structure at that time. after 18th century, spirit was percieved superior over material, After then, development of cultivation and expantion of land created difference of economic strength within one village. In order to maintain and show off the status of Yang-ban, economic power of indigenous land owner became fundamental, so, sense to worship and to keep the principal became weak eventually. Taking advantage of that situation, residencial area of branch family expanded to the rear part of the principal which showed dual disposition conflicted with each other. However, these clan rules were destroyed and new rules were created after 18th century because of the situation and consciousness at that time.

  • PDF

해양경비안전본부의 해양경찰권 적정 운영방안에 관한 연구: -일본 해상보안청과의 비교를 중심으로- (A Study on the Appropriate Management of Maritime Police Authority in Korea Coast Guard: Focusing on the Japan Coast Guard)

  • 손영태
    • 시큐리티연구
    • /
    • 제42호
    • /
    • pp.361-391
    • /
    • 2015
  • 2014년 11월 19일 개정된 "정부조직법"에 따라 해양경찰청은 해양수산부 독립외청에서 국민안전처 소속 해양경비안전본부(이하 "해양경비안전본부"라 한다)로 개편되었으며, 분장사무와 관련해서는 해양경찰청장의 소관사무 중 수사 및 정보에 관한 사무 일부를 경찰청장이 승계하였다. 이는 해양경찰권 행사의 주체가 종전 해양경찰청에서 해양경비안전본부와 경찰청으로 이원화된 것을 의미한다. 한편, 이 같은 국가행정기관의 조직 개편은 해양경찰권을 행사하는 수사 기관의 직무범위 및 수사 관할에 영향을 미치게 되면서 조직변화를 통해 발생된 여러 사안들에 대한 검토과제를 동시에 수반하게 되었다. 다시 말해서 "정부조직법" 개정에 따라 해양경찰청은 해양경비안전본부로의 조직 개편과 함께 해양범죄에 대한 수사 정보 활동의 관할 영역이 축소되는 등의 변화를 가져왔다. 하지만 이러한 조직 개편은 정치권 및 정부의 이해관계에 따라 해양경찰청의 조직 특성 및 법적 자격 등을 종합적으로 고려하지 못하고 있다. 즉 "형사소송법" 등 현행 관련 법체계와의 상호 검토는 물론 안정적인 해양경찰권을 행사하기 위한 제도적 준비과정 없이 이루어진 것이다. 결국 이번 "정부조직법"의 개정은 강력한 재난안전 컨트롤타워 구축을 통하여 종합적이고 신속한 재난안전 대응 및 수습체계를 마련하기 위한 조치의 일환이기는 하나, 세월호 사고와 관련해서 나타난 조직구성에 따른 운영체계상의 문제점을 중심으로 지엽적인 측면만을 반영하고 있으며, 다른 사회적 요소(제도, 조직의 특성 등)들과의 종합적인 검토는 간과한 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 해양경찰청의 조직 개편에 따라 재평가되어야할 사안들에 대해 구체적으로 검토해 보고자 한다. 이는 해양경찰권을 행사하는 정부기관의 업무를 실질적으로 좀 더 명확히 해서 국민에게 법적 안정성을 제공하기 위한 것이다.

  • PDF

진단의 내단이론과 삼교회통론 (The Theory of Chen tuan's Internal Alchemy and Intermixture of Taoism, Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism)

  • 김경수
    • 한국철학논집
    • /
    • 제31호
    • /
    • pp.53-86
    • /
    • 2011
  • 진단은 도교 내단이론의 정립자이며, 북송 이래 사상계에서 가장 큰 영향력을 남긴 인물이다. 그는 다른 종교의 장점을 자신의 이론체계에 받아들이고 있음을 분명히 선언하고 있다. 그는 도교 수련과정의 논리적 부족함을 메우기 위해 유교의 역학(易學)을 도교 비전(秘傳)의 역학으로 대치하고, 육신과 정신의 이중구조를 통합하는 방법을 모색하는 과정에서 선불교의 마음수행법을 자신의 체계 속으로 끌어들였다. 진단의 내단이론은 정기신(精氣神)의 개념에 기반하여 '연정화기' '연기화신' '연신환허'의 단계로 수련하는 도식이다. 진단이 말하는 내단수련이란, '도교 방식으로 해석한 "주역"의 근본원리에 바탕을 두고서 마음을 고요하게 하는 선(禪)의 수행으로부터 시작하여, 그 고요함의 끝에서 온갖 변화에 신묘하게 통할 수 있고 지혜가 충만한 상태에 이르게 되면, 미묘한 정(精)의 흐름을 간취하여 이것을 기로 변화시키는 과정을 거쳐서 결국 복귀무극의 상태로 돌아가는 것'이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 과정을 그는 "무극도"를 그려서 표현했다. 동양철학은 인간을 '현상적 존재'와 '본원적 존재'로 구분한다. 이러한 '존재 규정'으로부터 수도론의 논리가 성립된다. '자아' 또는 '자기'라는 개념을 어떻게 규정하느냐에 따라서 '현상적 존재'로부터 '본원적 존재'로의 회귀 내지는 도약 방법이 결정된다. 도교 내단이론의 정립자라 할 수 있는 진단은 이런 측면에서 독특한 내단수련론과 삼교회통론의 체계를 확립한 인물이다. 오늘날은 '자아상실의 시대' 또는 환경오염으로 인하여 생기는 '난치병의 시대'라고 할 수 있다. 자아의 회복과 건강한 삶을 위해서 몸과 마음을 연결짓는 진단의 수련론에 대한 검토와, 여기에 기초한 새로운 수련법의 모색은 여전히 의미 있는 일이다.

일본군 '위안부'의 영화적 기억과 크로노폴리틱스 (Chronopolitics in the Cinematic Representations of "Comfort Women")

  • 박현선
    • 대중서사연구
    • /
    • 제26권1호
    • /
    • pp.175-209
    • /
    • 2020
  • 본 논문은 일본군 '위안부'의 영화적 재현이 어떻게 일상의 영역에서, 그리고 대중의 기억 속에서 '상상력'을 촉발하고 공통의 감각과 정동을 불러일으키는가 살펴보자 한다. 일본군 '위안부' 역사는 오랫동안 망각되었다가 1990년대에 들어서야 공공 기억의 장으로 들어설 수 있었다. 이러한 전환에는 피해자들의 증언과 일본군 '위안부' 문제의 담론화를 가능하게 만든 국내외적 크로노폴리틱스(chronopolitics)가 존재한다. 이는 '시간의 정치학'으로서 일본군 '위안부' 역사의 독특한 위상을 보여주는데, 일본군 '위안부' 문제의 영화적 재현은 역사적 크로노폴리틱스와 연속적이면서도 단절적인 이중성을 보여주며 새로운 시각적 크로노폴리틱스를 드러낸다. 한국영화사의 맥락에서 일본군 '위안부' 재현의 크로노토프는 크게 4가지 국면으로 나누어 생각해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 1990년대 이전 일본군 '위안부'의 극적 재현들, 둘째, 증언과 역사쓰기로서 1990년대 후반 다큐멘터리, 셋째, 2000년대 들어 멜로드라마적 감수성을 이끌어낸 극영화들, 넷째, 애니메이션 및 기타 장르를 포함하는 매체의 확산이다. 이들 중에서 '위안부' 문제를 대중적 극영화(fiction film)의 범주에서 표상하고 있는 첫 번째 국면과 세 번째 국면에 집중해 논의를 전개하는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 1990년 이전의 '위안부' 극영화들이 철저히 상업영화와 대중장르의 틀을 고수하며 일본군 '위안부' 역사의 성애화를 추구했다면, 2000년대 이후의 영화들은 대중영화의 양식 속에서 다양한 시도들을 실험해보고 있다. 특히, <귀향>, <아이 캔 스피크>, <허스토리> 등과 같은 2000년대 '위안부' 극영화들의 등장은 우리가 그간 생존자들의 증언과 일본군 '위안부' 운동 등을 통해서 '많이' 알고 있다고 생각했던 이 이슈에 대하여 과연 우리가 '제대로' 알고 있는지, 이에 대한 '문화적 재현은 어떻게 가능한지' 등의 여러 문제를 제기해주고 있다. 일본군 '위안부'를 다룬 2000년대 영화적 재현의 전략들에 주목하면서, 이 글은 멜로드라마의 대중 정치학, 피해자성과 폭력의 재현, 메타기억으로서의 일본군 '위안부' 극영화 등을 논의하고자 한다. 역사적 트라우마에 대한 멜로드라마적 상상이자 메타기억으로서, '위안부' 극영화들은 일본군 '위안부' 문제가 통과해야 할 역사적, 정치적, 미학적 관문들을 보여준다. 보다 구체적으로 말하면, 최근의 극영화들에서 일본군 '위안부' 문제가 한-일 양국 간의 관계를 넘어서, 오래된 식민 구조를 해체하고자 하는 탈식민주의적 과제이자 여성운동과 인권운동이 국제적으로 연대하는 트랜스내셔널한 프로젝트로 거듭나는 방식에 이 글은 주목한다.

조선왕조(朝鮮王朝) 왕릉(王陵) 문인석상(文人石像)의 복식형태(服飾形態)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Costume Style of Civil Servants' Stone Images Erected at Tombs of the Kings for Yi-dynasty)

  • 권용옥
    • 복식
    • /
    • 제4권
    • /
    • pp.87-114
    • /
    • 1981
  • A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

  • PDF