• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1323-1328
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• 2004

This paper shows the study on the design of the spray-freeze dryer for the production of the pulmonary inhalation powders. Powder production and handling has been an integral part of pharmaceutical processing because of the wide use of oral dosage forms. There are a few commonly used powder preparation methods including mechanical milling, precipitaion, spray drying, freeze drying, and so on. In general, methods available for preparing inhalation powders are limited due to certain inhalation powder's sensitive nature to the processing environments. This is particularly true for preparing dry powder aerosols where the aerodynamic particle size$(<5{\mu}m)$ and the size distribution are pivotal. Supercritical fluid antisolvent and spray freeze drying have recently emerged as promising techniques for producing powders for use in microcapsulation. However, the aerosol applications of these powders are yet to be explored. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of using spray freeze-dried pulmonary inhalation powders for aerosolization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.32-37
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• 2002

High speed machining is one of most effective technologies to improve productivity. It can give great advantage for manufacture of die and Moulds. However, when the high speed machining of materials, especially in machining of micro groove, a severely thermal demage was generated on workpiece and tool. Generally, the cutting fluid is used to improve penetration, lubrication, and cooling effect. In order to rise the performance of lubrication, it contains extreme pressure agents (Cl, S, P). But the environment of work room go bad by those additive Therefore, the compressed chilly air with Oil mist system was developed to replace the conventional cutting fluid system. This paper carried out the tests to evaluate the machinability by the cutting environment in high speed micro groove machining of NAK80 (HRC40). Compressed chilly air with oil mist was ejected on the contact area between cutting edge and workpiece. The effectiveness of this developed compressed chilly air with oil mist system was evaluated in terms of tool life. The results showed that the tool life of carbide tool coated TiAIN with compressed chilly air mist cooling was much longer than with dry and flood coolant when cutting the material.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.968-973
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• 2003

As environmental restrictions have continuously become more strict, it has emphasized development of environment-friendly technologies. In cutting technology, it has been well recognized that cutting fluids might have undesirable effects on worker's health and working environment and, hence, recently there have been numerous attempts to minimize harmful effects of cutting fluids on environments. To minimize the use of cutting fluids in machining, conventional cutting fluids have been replaced with the technologies of pressurized cold air and minimum quantity lubrication(MQL). Compared with milling, turning is a continuous cutting process, where tools are continuously heated up and lack of lubricity could lead to tool wear and deteriorated surface roughness. In this study, it has been investigated how tool wear and surface roughness could be affected by cutting conditions, supply and cooling methods. The experimental results show that MQL technology is able to minimize harmful effects of conventional cutting fluids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.172-175
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• 2002

High speed machining is one of the most effective technologies to improve productivity. It can give great advantage for manufacture of die and Moulds. However, when machining of micro groove in high speed machining a severely thermal damage was generated on workpiece and cutting tool. Generally, the cutting fluid is used to improve penetration. lubrication. and cooling effect. In order to rise the performance of lubrication. it contains extreme pressure agents (Cl, S, P). But the environment of work room go bad by those additive. Therefore, the compressed chilly air with oil mist system was developed to replace the conventional cutting fluid system. This paper carried out the tests to evaluate the machinability by the cutting environment in high speed micro groove machining of NAK80 (HrC40). Compressed chilly air with oil mist was ejected on the contact area between cutting edge and workpiece. The effect of this developed compressed chilly air with oil mist system was evaluated in terms of tool life. The results showed that the tool lift of carbide tool coated TiAlN with compressed chilly air mist cooling was much longer than that of the dry and flood coolant when cutting the material.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

This paper shows the study on the design and another applications of the spray-freeze dryer for the production of valuable material powders. Powder production and handling has been an integral part of material extracting processing and pharmaceutical processing because of the wide use of oral dosage forms. There are a few commonly used powder preparation methods including mechanical milling, precipitaion, spray drying, freeze drying, and so on. In general, methods available for preparing inhalation powders are limited due to certain inhalation powder's sensitive nature to the processing environments. This is particularly true for preparing dry powder aerosols where the aerodynamic particle size($<5{\mu}m$) and the size distribution are pivotal. Supercritical fluid antisolvent and spray freeze drying have recently emerged as promising techniques for producing powders for use in microcapsulation. However, the aerosol applications of these powders are yet to be explored. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of using spray freeze-dried valuable material powders for aerosolization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.463-469
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• 2014

Sorghum has been consumed as one of the important staple food in the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia. Sorghum is rich in starch, protein, essential vitamins and minerals and grows relatively well in dry climate regions when it compared with other staple food crops. Sorghum has taken an increased interest due to several studies that report about the beneficial effects of sorghum on human health. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative and activity of extract of milling by-products (hull and bran) of Korean sorghum cultivar, 'Hwanggeaumchal' as well as its grain. Hull extract showed the highest total polyphenol contents ($29.7{\pm}0.2mg\;GAE/100g$) and major four pigments content ($322.6{\pm}14.5mg/100g$). From results of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, hull extract ($IC_{50}$, $6.3{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) was also showed the strongest antioxidative effects. Bran and grain showed similar polyphenol, pigments contents and antioxidative effects. We determined cell viability by MTT assay and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity by measuring nitric oxide (NO) of hull, bran and grain methanol extract (0.5% HCl v/v) on RAW 264.7 cells. Hull extract treatment was significantly decreased NO production with dose-dependant manner. Apigeninidin as one of the major pigment of hull was showed inhibitory activity against NO production without cytotoxicitiy. Therefore, sorghum milling by-products can be used as a good source of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.656-663
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• 2012

Two sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal-susu and Miryang 3) samples were milled using different milling methods, and their physicochemical properties were tested. Particle size was classified into five groups such as pin mill and low temperature-microparticulation(LTM; 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 rpm). The water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and a rapid Visco analyzer(RVA) were used to examine particle size distribution and color differences. Particle size of sorghum flour prepared using LTM was lower than that prepared using a pin mill. Particle size was further reduced by successive dry milling of the LTM flour. Lightness of colored pigments increased when particle size decreased. The WAI of Miryang 3 pin milling(M1) flour was the lowest after LTM, and WSI was higher in the order of M2, M3, M4, and M5. LTM sorghum flour had significantly higher pasting viscosity, as determined using a rapid Visco analyzer. LTM Miryang 3 sorghum flour(M2~M5) flour showed lower breakdown viscosity and higher final viscosity compared to those of M1 flour, resulting in an increased setback value.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.28-39
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• 1984

Experiments were carried out for the development of a processing method of soybean into full-fat or defatted flour, using two varieties of soybean (kwangkyo produced in Korea and Bragg produced in India) Samples were subjected to dry dehulling, size reduction and wet heat treatment processes to make soybean flours. The quality of soybean flours were evaluated, and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Crude fiber content of dehulled soybean was under 3.0% which indicated satisfactory dehulling, and there was no significant difference in crude fibre content between two varieties. 2. When dehulled soybean was cracked into soy grits by a hammer mill, 98.71∼98.86％ of the soy grit was in the range of 10∼18 mesh which was the optimum size of particle for quick and uniform penetration of heat into the intra-particle air spaces. 3. Moisture content of soy flour after steam treatment at 15 psig for 5 to 30 min was only 0.29∼1.68% which did not hinder the next milling operation. 4. From the color analysis of soy flours, it was observed that the dominant wavelength for all the samples are in a very narrow range from 575 to 581 nm and the color variation was from yellow to yellowish orange. Twenty to twenty five ％ higher reflectance was observed in the defatted flours than full fat flours. The ％ chroma of the defatted flour slightly increased as the duration of steaming of soy grits increased, whereas that of the full-fat flour did not. 5. The protein extractability in the defatted flour at pH 7.6 showed progressive decrease in solubility from 48.40％ (Bragg), 75.20％ (kwangkyo) for untreated flours to 9.75％ (Bragg), 26.27％ (kwangkyo) for 30 min steaming. But Kwangkyo variety showed twice higher protein extractability than Bragg variety.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 1990

An experiment was conducted with three ruminally and intestinally cannulated non-lactating cows of Finnish Ayrshire breed, to assess the ruminal degradation characteristics of oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale) and rice (Oryza sativa) straw by the nylon bag technique, and the subsequent post-ruminal degradation of their rumen-undegraded residues by using the mobile bag technique, respectively. The straw samples were untreated or treated with aqueous $NH_3$ or with urea solution in cold or hot water. The untreated straw samples were milled or chopped, and the treated straw samples were chopped. The constant values a, b, and c were computed according to the exponential equation, where a = intercept of degradation curve at time 0, b = potentially degradable material, c = rate of degradation of band (a+b) = maximum potential degradability (asymptote). It was found that nitrogen contents of chemically treated straw were markedly increased by both $NH_3$ and urea treatments. Milling the samples attributed to a remarkable loss at 0 h incubation time as compared to chopping of the respective samples. However, chemical treatment markedly improved the b value and the subsequent (a+b) values for dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber, and acid-detergent fiber of the samples. Furthermore, temperature of the water used in the urea solutions was considered essential, since urea in hot water rather than in cold water seemed to enhance the overall degradability. The disappearance of rumen-incubated straw residues from the mobile bags ranged from 4.5 to 9.6% for the parameters measured. On average, the OM disappearance from bags was clearly higher for the residues of urea treated straw compared to those of ammonia treated straw, but the disappearance of NDF tended, however, to be higher on the ammonia treatment.