• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.491-495
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• 2001

The behaviour of 5 Jersey and 5 Guernsey heifers, grazing on natural vegetation in a sub-humid tropical environment in Kenya, was studied during the dry (January and February) and wet (April and May) seasons in 1999. The heifers grazed for 12 hours daily in both seasons. Observations on feeding, standing, lying and ruminating were done chronometrically, at five-minute intervals, between 0600 and 1800 h. During the dry season, the average feeding, standing, lying and ruminating times per 12 h period for Jerseys was 8.0, 3.13, 0.87, and 1.40 respectively, while those for Guernseys were 8.6, 3.26, 0.4, and 1.35 respectively. In the wet (green) season, the mean feeding, standing, lying and ruminating times for Jerseys were found to be 7.54, 3.07, 1.39, and 1.27 respectively, and for Guernseys were 8.42, 3.10, 0.48, and 0.44 respectively. In both seasons Guernseys spent more time feeding (p<0.05) in comparison with the Jerseys. It was also observed that lying occurred more often in Jerseys than the Guernseys (p<0.05) in both seasons. During the wet season, Jerseys ruminated longer (p<0.05) than the Guernseys. The health status of the animals was determined by examining the respiratory frequency, heart rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin erythrocytes and leucocytes of the experimental animals. All the clinical and physiological parameters were within the normal physiological range of healthy cattle. It was concluded that there are differences in grazing behaviour between Jerseys and Guernseys in the sub-humid tropical environment of Kenya and Jerseys seem to be more adapted to the tropical climatic conditions.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2006

Community structure and biodiversity of benthic marine algae were studied in the rocky shore of Phohang New Port, Yeoungil Bay. A total of 79 species of marine algae including 8 Chlorophyta, 23 Phaeophyta and 48 Rhodophyta are listed. The dominant algal species were Corallina pilulifera in all seasons, and Sargassum homeri in winter. Lomentaria catenata, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Grateloupia laceolata, Sargassum thunbergii, Chondria crassicaulis, Ulva pertusa, and Hypnea charoides were subdominant at different seasons. The algal biomass per unit area of the benthic algal community in Pohang New Port under construction was 14506 - 398.93 g dry wt m-2, which means that its annually averaged value is 273.45 g dry wt m-2 . The seasonal change in algal biomass showed highs in winter and spring, and lows in summer and autumn. The algal species diversity (H') based on algal biomass was 2.07 annually in average, with 2.42 in winter, 2.65 in spring, 1.79 in summer and 1.43 in autumn. It was high in winter and spring seasons and low in summer and autumn seasons. It is caused by that spring and winter are the profitable growth time for algae and species components in this study were dominated by the annual or seasonal rather than perennial plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1597-1602
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• 2006

The effects of different mineral supplementations on the milk yield of free-ranging Somali camels were investigated in two phases in a semi-arid region of northern Kenya during the dry and wet seasons in 2002 and 2003. In phase 1, twelve (12) lactating camels were selected at random to form four (4) groups each consisting of three camels. The first group served as the control and as a result received no mineral supplementation. In addition to the control diet the other groups received oral doses of minerals as follows over a 60-day period: T1 (P), T2 (High Cu low Co) and T3 (Low Cu high Co). The daily milk yield and blood mineral profiles were measured during the wet and dry seasons. The mean daily milk yield increased from 3.4 L/d to $4.3{\pm}0.3L/d$ and 5.2 L/d in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Fifteen (15) lactating camels were selected at random to form five groups each consisting of three replicates. The control group did not receive any mineral supplement. The other four groups in addition to the control diet, received the following treatments: T4 (Common Salt), T5 (High Co), T6 (High Co+P) and T7 (Low Co+P). Mineral supplement T6 produced significantly higher milk yield ($5.4{\pm}0.5$ and $6.5{\pm}0.7L/d$) during the dry and wet seasons. Both T6 and T7 had significantly higher milk yield than T4 and T5. During both phases, the blood Ca and P level significantly increased in camels receiving T1, 6 and 7. Animals that received only the trace mineral supplements had lower blood P compared to the ones receiving supplementary P and also the control. Supplementation of lactating camels with Co and P significantly (p<0.05) increased milk yield). Effect of common salt, commonly given by farmers, on milk yield was insignificant. It was concluded that mineral supplementation to lactating camels was beneficial, and that mineral supplements should include P and Co. Further research is required to establish P and Co requirements of lactating camels.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1049-1060
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• 2014

We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of dissolved inorganic nutrients along a saline gradient to estimate nutrient fluxes in the Seomjin River estuary during dry (March 2005, March 2006, March 2007, and March 2008) and rainy seasons (August 2005, July 2006, July 2007, and July 2008). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were similar in the endmembers of freshwater for the rainy and dry seasons. In contrast, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphate and silicate in the rainy season were approximately 2-3 times higher than those in the dry season. River discharge was approximately 10 times higher in the rainy season ($212m^3sec^{-1}$) than in the dry season ($21m^3sec^{-1}$). The fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate were 2.91, 0.004, and 2.51 tons $day^{-1}$ in the dry season and 7.45, 0.421, and 30.5 tons $day^{-1}$ in the rainy season, respectively. Although the range of nutrient concentrations were similar to previous results from investigations in the Seomjin River estuary, the nutrient fluxes were differed according to river discharge for different survey periods.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1977

The present paper deals with nine kinds of trace metal contents among 79 samples, more than 20 species of edible marine algae collected during 1973∼1975 along the coasts of Korea. Among the metals detected by the atomic absorption spectrometer, Mg content is variable in 2.09∼13.84mg/g-dry on an average and 5.31mg/g-dry in a mean of green, brown and red algae, whereas Fe is 0.148∼2.343 and 0.747mg/g-dry; Mn 0.015∼0.191 and 0.063mg/g-dry; Zn 0.007∼0.082 and 0.030 mg/g-dry; Cu 0.005∼0.054 and 0.017mg/g-dry; Pb 0.0017∼0.082 and 0.0043mg/g-dry Co 0.0009∼0.0024 and 0.0016mg/g-dry; Cd 0.0002∼0.0034 and 0.0011mg/g-dry, and Cr is 0.0007∼0.0074 and 0.0021mg/g-dry, both on an average and in a mean respectively. The trace metal contents in the seaweeds investigated are variable according to species, collecting seasons, places and kinds of metal It is interesting that in Sargassum thunbergii some metal contents such as Fe, Mn, and Zn are specially high in September1974 through the year investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.812-820
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted on 190 progeny (winter -74; summer -59; rainy -57) of 12 Grey Giant rabbits (10 female +2 males), to assess the effect of different seasons in a year, on their reproductive, growth and productive performances along with feed efficiency, under sub-temperate Himalayan conditions. The daily meteorological attributes recorded during winter (October to March), summer (April to June) and rainy (July to September) seasons, and analysed were minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Various biological parameters recorded were doe weights at mating and kindling, litter size at birth, litter weight at birth, kit mortality, litter size at weaning, litter weight at weaning, weekly body weight up to 98 d and weaner mortality. Individual weight gains, dressing percentages, meat weights, liver weights, raw-pelt weights, processed pelt weights and processed pelt areas at slaughter on d 84 and 98, respectively were also recorded. The feed and fodder compositions and their nutritive values during different seasons were also analysed. Average ambient temperature during winter, summer and rainy seasons were $13.2{\pm}2.8$, $22.4{\pm}3.7$ and $24.8{\pm}2.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average relative humidity and total rainfall for winter, summer and rainy seasons were $68.9{\pm}1.5$% and $48{\pm}26.6$mm, $66.3{\pm}4.8$% and $125.6{\pm}56.8$ mm, and $77.3{\pm}1.3$% and $116.3{\pm}90.4$ mm, respectively. The weight of doe at mating and kindling, litter size at birth, litter weight at birth and litter size at weaning were comparatively higher whereas litter weight at weaning was significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter as compared to summer and rainy seasons. The kit mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter while the weaner mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher during rainy season. At 84 d, the live weight per doe, slaughter weight, dressing percentage and liver weight were significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter than summer and rainy. Similarly, the gain in weight and meat weight at 84 and 98 d were significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter. The weight of raw pelt and processed pelt were recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter while no difference in the area of processed pelts during different seasons could be observed. No difference in the biological performance could be observed between sexes in any of the seasons. Roughage analysis revealed comparatively higher crude protein percent and lower crude fibre percent during summer and rainy seasons than in winter. The roughage dry matter intake was comparatively higher during summer and rainy seasons vis-a-vis constant amount of concentrate supplied during all the three seasons. The digestibilities of dry matter was significantly (p<0.05) lower, whereas that of crude fiber, acid detergent fibre and cellulose were negative during winter. Interestingly, the feed:gain was exceedingly well during winter than in other seasons and it is concluded that it was the best season for production of rabbits under sub-temperate Himalayan conditions.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.296-296
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• 2017

In order to study the content variation of Quercetin and Kaempferol associated with Varieties (with thorn, without thorn), Cultivating Locations, Collecting Seasons, Leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata (carrier) Bureau containing higher content of pharmaceutical components than the other parts were tested after collecting 6 varieties including w or w/o thorn from 4 locations such as Cheongsong, Milyang, Goesan and Gochang at 3 seasons, spring, summer and fall in 2015 and 2016. As a result, Kaempferol content associated with Varieties between with thorn and without thorn, collecting Locations and Years have no difference statistically in their mean values but the differences associated with Seasons were statistically significant. The content was higher at spring and then gradually declined at summer and fall. The content variation in Year 2015 which was higher at spring and lower at summer and then recovered at fall abnormally, shows similar pattern of sunshine variation of the year. The content variation of Quercetin and Kaempferol seems to be come from climate fluctuation specially in Sunshine hours rather than Varieties, Locations. The variation associated with drying methods for utilizing leaves are statically significant. Natural Dry was shown the least variation because heat input while drying makes degradation of the content.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) of various ages were harvested every two weeks during each of three growing seasons and dry matter yield of components and root respiration determined. Shoot dry weight was about 0.5 g, 2.5 g and 4 g for 2, 3 and 4-year-old plants, respectively and fruit dry weight was as much as 50% of this in 3- and 4-year-.old plants. Root dry weight decrease by 30~50% as shoots emerged and at the end of the season was about 2 g, 3.5 g and 5 g in 2, 3, 4 and 5-year-old plants, respectively. Shoot and root dry weight were linearly related with an approximate 1:2 ratio. Root respiration rate at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in the dark was about 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW(dry weight) min-1 in the early season, then doubled within 50 days as shoots emerged, and thereafter declined over the season to 2~5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW min-1. The Q10 for dark respiration over the interval from 10 to 2$0^{\circ}C$ was 1.58. Root respiration rate and shoot growth rate was positively linearly related in all ages of plants. Key words: Dry weight, partitioning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.199-202
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• 1996

The effect of feeding freshly-cut common grasses on growth performance of Black Bengal goats during the pre-monsoon and pre-dry season was evaluated. Four castrated goats of 5-6 months age with a mean initial body weight were 11.17 and 10.23 kg for pre-monsoon and pre-dry season respectively, were used as experimental animal. Nutrient during the pre-monsoon season contained higher nitrogen(15.6g/kg) and less DM(196.8g/kg) than the grass harvested in pre-dry season where nitrogen was 12.8 g/kg and DM was 454.9 g/kg. Intake of DM, OM, N and NDF were 73.12 g, 67.12 g, 964.68 mg and 50.14 g/kg $W^{0.75}$ respectively in pre-monsoon were higher than those in pre-dry season at p<0.01 level of significance. Higher(p<0.01) growth(35.71 g/day) rate was found in pre-monsoon season. It may concluded that grasses grown during the pre-monsoon season was higher nitrogen value and appeared to be more palatable.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2019

In order to study the effect of moisture on the compressive strength of low-strength hollow concrete blocks, an experimental study was carried out on 96 samples of locally manufactured hollow concrete blocks collected from three different locations. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on dry specimens and three types of saturated specimens with moisture contents of 30%, 50% and 80% respectively. The range of moisture content adopted covered the range within which the concrete block samples are saturated in the dry and monsoon seasons. The compressive strength of low-strength hollow concrete blocks decreases with increase in moisture content and the relationship between compressive strength of hollow concrete blocks and their moisture content can be considered to be linear. However, the strength degradation of 30% moist concrete blocks with respect to dry blocks is relatively low and can be considered to be comparable to dry concrete blocks. A formula indicating the relationship between the moisture content and compressive strength of low-strength hollow concrete blocks is also proposed.