• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.519-529
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• 2015

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of feeding medium-roasted soybean meal (SBM) and corn dried distiller's grains with solubles (CDDGS) in dairy cows on milk production and income over feed costs. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred multiparous Holstein Friesian dairy cows in early- and mid-lactation. Four dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet without feed substitute (Control), 7.17% dry matter (DM) roasted SBM replaced for concentrate (R-SBM), 11.50% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (DDGS), and 3.58% DM roasted SBM plus 5.75% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (SB-DG). The roasted SBM was produced using a medium-heated treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 180 min. Dry matter intake was not affected by feeding high rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources, but the replacement of roasted SBM and CDDGS for concentrate significantly improved (p<0.001) RUP intake (0.90, 0.86, and 0.88 kg/d corresponding to R-SBM, DDGS, and SB-DG) compared to the control (0.61 kg/d). Feeding roasted SBM and CDDGS alone or in combination had no significant effect on milk composition of dairy cows (p>0.05), whereas milk yield was significantly increased by 3.08 kg/d in the SB-DG group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Net income was meaningfully increased (p<0.05) from 4th week post feeding, the SB-DG group reached the greatest net income ($3.48/head/d) while the control group had the lowest value ($2.60/head/d). In conclusion, the use of CDDGS alone or in combination with medium-roasted SBM as substitute for concentrate in lactating dairy cattle diet led to improved milk production and net income over feed costs without affecting total dry matter intake and milk composition, while feeding medium-roasted SBM seemed to show intermediate values in almost parameters.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2002

Planting date of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of production components in cultural systems. The objective of the current study was to identify the components of soybean production and cultural practices encompassing planting dates and cultivars that respond to dry matter accumulation, harvest index and yield components. Three determinate soybean cultivars were planted on May 13 (early), June 3 (mid), and June 24 (late). Planting density was 60$\times$15cm with 2 seeds (222,000 plants per ha). Soybean plants were sampled every 10 days interval from the growth stages of V5 to R8 and separated into leaves including petioles, stems, pods, and seeds. Dry matter accumulations, harvest indices, and yield components were measured. Early planting had taken 55 days from VE to R2 and late planting taken 39 days indicating reduced vegetative growth. Early planting showed higher leaf, stem, pod and seed dry weights than late planting. However, late planting appeared to be higher harvest index and harvesting rate. Vegetative mass including leaf and stem increased to a maximum around R4/R5 and total dry weight increased to a maximum around R5/R6 and then declined slightly at R8. The highest seed yield was obtained with mid planting and no difference was found between early and late plantings. Cultivar differences were found among planting dates on growth characteristics and yield components. The results of this experiment indicated that soybean yield in relation to planting dates examined was mainly associated with harvest index and harvesting rate, and planting date of cultivars would be considered soybean plants to reach the growth stage of R4/R5 after mid August for adequate seed yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various roughage sources on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) production in goats. Four castrated black goats ($48.5{\pm}0.6kg$) were individually housed in environmentally controlled respiration-metabolism chambers. The experiment design was a $4{\times}4$ balanced Latin square design with 4 roughage types and 4 periods. Alfalfa, tall fescue, rice straw, and corn silage was used as representative of legume, grass, straw, and silage, respectively. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p < 0.001) in corn silage than in alfalfa hay. Dry matter digestibility of alfalfa hay was higher than those of tall fescue or rice straw (p < 0.001). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility of tall fescue was lower (p < 0.001) than those of alfalfa, rice straw, or corn silage. Daily enteric $CH_4$ production and the daily enteric $CH_4$ production per kilogram of $BW^{0.75}$, dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), digested DMI, and digested OMI of rice straw did not differ from those of tall fescue but were higher (p < 0.001) than those of alfalfa or corn silage. Roughage type had no effect on enteric $CO_2$ emission in goats. Straw appeared to generate more enteric $CH_4$ production than legume or silage, but similar to grass.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 1971

The sample stand of Pinus rigida plantation was chosen from those at the Choongnam Forest Experiment Station, Choongnam. The diameter at breast height (D) and the height of tree (H) of each tree in the sample plot of 200$m^2$ were measured yearly a from 1967 through 1969. The stand was 12.7-13.4cm in mean diameter and had a stand density of 2,150 trees per ha. The trunk, branches and leaves of each sample tree were separately weighed according to the stratified clip technique. The allometric relation between D2H and dry weight of trunk (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) were approximated by $$W_s=0.05917 (D^2H)^{0.837}$$ $$W_0=0.00655 (D^2H)^{0.989 }$$ $$W_l=0.04466(D^2H)^{0.690}$$ From the above, the standing crops in the sample stand was estimated to be as much as 76.7, 81.7 and 88.2 tons of dry matter, above ground, per ha in 1967, 1968 and 1969, respectively. Annual net production, as the sum of the biomass newly produced during one year, was estimated at 4.97-5.47 tons per ha per year. The respiratory and the photosynthetic rate deduced from theoretical calculations were 0.045 and 0.74kg of dry matter per kg per year. Tentative estimate of annual respiratory loss was made and annual gross production was roughly estimated at 4.4-4.7 and 10.7-12.9 tons of dry matter per ha per year. The ratio of respiratory loss to gross production was approximately 36-41:1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.747-751
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• 1999

The Hohenheim in vitro gas test was used to assess the nutritional value of some crop residues of known in vivo digestibility. The crop residues are groundnut shells (GNS) corn cobs (CC); cassava peels (CaP); unripe and ripe plantain peels (UPP, RPP) and citrus pulp/peels (CPP). Compared to other crop residues, crude protein (CP) content of CC was low. Except for CaP and CPP that had low neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), other residues contained a high amount of cell wall constituents. Net gas production was significantly different among the crop residues (p<0.05). Gas production was highest in CPP followed by CaP. CC, UPP and RPP have the same volume of net gas production, while the least net gas production was in GNS. True dry matter (TDM) digestibility was significantly different (p<0.05) among the residues. GNS was the least in TDM digestibility. CaP, UPP and RPP had similar TDM digestibility values, while the highest TDM digestibility was obtained in CPP. OM digestibility was different among the residues (p<0.05). CaP and CPP had the same ME value while CC, UPP and RPP had close ME values and GNS the least in ME (p<0.05). The potential extent (b) and rate (c) of gas production were statistical different among the residues (p<0.05). The Hohenheim gas test gave high in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility for CC, CaP, UPP and RPP and CPP. Fermentable carbohydrates and probably available nitrogen in the crop residues influenced net gas production. The results showed that crop residues besides, providing bulk are also a source of energy and fermentable products which could be used in ruminant livestock production in the tropics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

In the winter forage study, Italian ryegrass(IRG) and barley were selected. In 2018, the dry matter yield of IRG was 16,915kg per ha under the Agrivoltaic System; this was a little more than 16,750kg per ha of outdoors. On the contrary, the dry matter yield of barley was slightly less under the Agrivoltaic System than that of outdoors. In 2019, the dry matter yield under the Agrivoltaic System was 12,062kg per ha for IRG and 12,195kg per ha for the barley; this was 5.4% and 11.5% less than that of outdoors, respectively. In the summer forage study, corn and sorghum×sudangrass were selected. In 2019, the dry matter yield of corn under the Agrivoltaic System was 13,133kg per ha which was 17% less than that of outdoors. The dry matter yield of sorghum×sudangrass was 12,450kg per ha, which was 82.5% of that of outdoors. In 2020, the dry matter yield of corn under the Agrivoltaic System was 8,033kg per ha which was 7.9% less than that of outdoors. The dry matter yield of sorghum×sudangrass was 5,651kg per ha, which was 11.4% less than that of outdoors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.653-658
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• 1992

Crossbred dairy does were fed a roughage diet (IVOMD 56%, N 2.27%) ad libitum, and supplemented with urea-molasses (3% W : W) (UM) at levels on an air dry basis of 1.5% or 3% of liveweight or an iso-energetic, iso-nitrogenous mixture of cottonseed meal and molasses (25 : 75 w : w) (CM). Eight does, four lower-producers and four higher-producers (1.9 and 2.5 kg/day respectively in week 7 of lactation) arranged in two Latin Squares, received each of the four diets for three weeks. Dry matter, digestible organic matter and N intakes were higher for high-producers and high levels of supplement but did not differ between nitrogen sources. Milk production was higher by high-producers; interactions were significant between level of supplement and production group and between level of supplement and N-source, with maximum production by high producers on high levels of CM. The main effects of level of supplement were only significant for production or composition. and total solids; N-source did not have significant effects on liveweight, milk production or composition. We conclude that does of moderate capacity for milk production, receiving a diet of two-thirds moderate quality roughage, one third urea-molasses, will not respond to increased level of supplementation or to replacement of urea with cottonseed meal.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) in 3 and 4 cuttings per annum on the dry matter yields and nutritive value of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.). Annual nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton $㏊^{respectively}$ . Relative yields of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 29.9%, 46.% and 23.2% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in 3 cutting system, 23.7%, 29.3%, 34.0% and 13.0% for 1st cut, 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 4th cut in 4 cutting system, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were 8.11 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 40 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 cutting systems, ranges of 7.50~10.71 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 10~80 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 4 cutting systems than those of non application level of NSC, respectively(p〈0.05). The mean efficiency of dry matter production to application of NSC(kg DM/ton NSC) were 46 and 102 kg in 3 and 4 cutting systems, respectively. Although th contents of crude protein(CP, %) of orchardgrass were significantly higher at the application levels of 10~80 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ -1/ by NSC than those of the application levels at the 0 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 and 4 cutting systems(p〈0.05), the contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF, %) and acid detergent fiber(ADF, %) were lower in NSC plots than those at the non-application plots of NSC. The contents of total digestible nutrient(TDN, %) and relative feed value(RFV) of orchardgrass were significantly increased with increase the applicaton levels of NSC(p〈0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.160-161
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• 2005

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 1994

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of fertilizing mineral nitrogen on dry matter yield of Reed canarygrass and also to estimate proper levels of fertilizing nitrogen when uncultivated rice paddy rapidly increased these days, was used for the production if Reed canarygrass. \ulcornerhe results are as follows. 1. Relative dry matter according to cutting frequency was appeared the highest at the 2nd cut for 3 and 4 cutting frequencies, and the 3rd cut for 5 cutting frequency. Those were 43.1, 34.0 and 34.1 % respectively. 2. When using only phosphrous and potassium, the average dry matter per year and ha was between 9.0 and 12.0 tons(3, 4 and 5 cutting frequency) and the highest dry matter was shown at 5 cutting frequency. 3. In accordance to the increase in the fertilization of nitorgen, the yield of dry matter was increased and, when 30 kg/ha/cut of mineral nitrogen was added, the biggest increase rate per added nitrogen for dry matter yield per year compared to that of no fe~tilization of nitrogen was recorded and it was 2.7, 3.3, and 3.4 tons/ ha for 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies respectively. 4. The efficiencies of mineral nitrogen on dry matter yield(DM kg/N kg) were the highest when 30kg nitrogen was applied particularly in 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies(29.7, 27.2, 22.8 DM kg/N kg). It recorded the highest of all the treatments. The efficiency was actually decreased in higher application of mineral nitrogen. The total nitrogen yield efficiency was the highest in 30kg(0.45kg and 0.48kg at 4 and 5 cutting frequency) and 60kg fertilization/ha/cut (0.46kg at 3 cuting frequency) and the decreased efficiencies appeared at fertilization of higher nitrogen. 5. Economical borden of mineral nitrogen fertilization were between 199.2 and 243.3kglha at 3 cutting frequency, between 253.4 and 295.9kg at 4 cutting frequency and between 302.2 and 361.3kg at 5 cutting frequency. 6. Under the condition of this experiment, the cutting frequency leading the potential production at maximum was 3 cutting frequency. At 3 cutting frequency, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization was higher and 15 or 16 tons of dry matter was obtained which is a level of economical border at fertilization between 200 and 240kglha. It wrs possible to obtain the maximal dry matter yield(l7 tonslha) at fertilization of lower level than 400kgl ha.