• 약학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2008

Consultation program for pharmaceutical development is a new system in which pharmaceutical companies meet and discuss scientific and/or regulatory issues with drug regulatory authority in the research process and before submitting new drug applications. This program helps pharmaceutical companies reduce uncertainties in the research and development and increase the possibilities of getting drug marketing approval. Developed countries such as US, EU, and Japan have implemented various forms of pre-submission meetings or consultation programs since the mid-1990s. The rapid development of technology in pharmaceutical R&D increases the importance of communication between drug development companies and drug regulatory authority in Korea, too. In designing the consultation program, it is desirable to focus on the stages of clinical trials which take the longest period of time and the biggest amount of money in the pharmaceutical R&D process. We suggested that results or recommendations by drug regulatory authorities in pre-submission meetings or consultations be formally documented and considered in review process. Explicit scientific reasons are required for changing the results from consultations.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

All pharmacists must provide the drug consultation whenever dispense drugs to patients by the Korean Pharmacy Law. Drug consultation is very important procedure for increasing pharmacotherapy. Because it maximizes the therapeutic effects or/and minimizes adverse drug reaction during the drug therapy. However, it is not easy to do because of the dynamic and hectic pharmacy environment. Especially, if someone has a disabling body function, they required more time and efforts to perform consultation by pharmacist. Currently several auxiliary labels for helping drug consultation are using in pharmacy practice but not for disabling patients. Therefore we developed the total 53 auxiliary labels with size of 0.7 cm (width) and 1 cm (length) by Braillewriter letters for blind patients. This research has been performed for total 12 months (Mar. 15ts, 2007$\sim$Feb. 25th, 2008) and the developing methods are consisted of 4 steps: 1) selection of essential informations, 2) simplification of information, 3) changing for Braillewriter letters, 4) application and revising by blindness patients. Also the labels are consisted of 12 for adverse reactions and precautions, 8 for directions, 2 for storages, 9 for duration, 9 for dosage forms, and 12 for common names. After developed those labels, we revised those labels by discussion with 2 blind people. In conclusion, the new auxiliary labels for blind patients can increase therapeutic effects and decrease risks from pharmacotherapy besides decreasing of pharmacist's work load in the future.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.49-66
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• 1999

Polypharmacotherapy, both psychotropic and nonpsychotropic, is widespread in various situations including psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals. As the clinical practice of using more than one drug at a time increase, the clinician is faced with ever-increasing number of potential drug interactions. Although many interactions have little clinical significances, some may interfere with treatment or even be life-threatening. The objective of this review is evaluation for drug-drug interactions often encountered in psychiatric consultation. Drug interactions can be grouped into two principal subdivisions : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. These subgroups serve to focus attention on possible sites of interaction as a drug moves from the site of administration and absorption to its site of action. Pharmacokinetic processes are those that include transport to and from the receptor site and consist of absorption, distribution on body tissue, plasma protein binding, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamic interactions occur at biologically active sites. In psychiatric consultation, these two subdivisions of drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs are likely to happen. We gathered informations of the drugs used in physically ill patients who are consulted to psychiatric department in Korea University Hospital. And we reviewed the related literatures about the drug-drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.303-312
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of the study was to analyze the difference in the importance and performance of the educational content of the community pharmacy practice and find the factors that influence it. Methods: A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire asked about the importance and performance of the pharmacy practice education items to community pharmacy preceptors, current students, and professors. Data were analyzed using Microsoft office 365 Excel and IBM SPSS 21.0. Results: A total of 117 people participated. The averages of importance and performance were 4.34±0.34 and 3.71±0.45, respectively. Except for the computational entry of prescriptions and medication history, the average score for the importance of all educational items was statistically significantly higher than the one for performance. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) identified over-the-counter medication counseling, over-the-counter drug selection consultation, pharmacy management, adverse drug reaction monitoring, and understanding and implementation of drug use evaluation as the items that needed focused effort. Borich's needs were highest in the adverse drug reaction monitoring. Conclusions: Overall, high importance and low performance indicate a need for improvement in community pharmacy practice education. Since the demand for education was high in over-the-counter medication counseling, adverse drug reaction monitoring, and OTC drug selection consultation, various supports are urgently needed to strengthen pharmacy practice education in this area in the future.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.324-329
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• 2016

Background: With the development of information and communication technology, there is a growing number of people looking for health information on the internet. This pilot study was performed to analyze the pattern of pharmacist consultation on the internet portal site. Methods: Questions and answers posted on the portal site "Naver Jisik-iN" from March 1st to 31th in 2016 were collected. Medications asked were categorized into prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, sanitary aids, emergency drugs, functional health foods, and others. Medications were subcategorized into 14 according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system. Questions were divided into 10 categories based on Hepler's drug-related problems. Results: Of the 955 cases, females accounted for 59.5% and inquirers from 11 to 40 years old, 89.4%. The number of prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, sanitary aids, emergency drugs, functional health foods, and others were 428 (44.8%), 328 (34.3%), 31 (3.3%), 2 (0.2%), 122 (12.8%), and 44 (4.6%), respectively. Questions for drugs acting on alimentary tract and metabolism took up 27.4% followed by those on nervous system, 13.6% and anti-infectives for systemic use, 12.2%. Pharmacist consultation regarding drug information, drug interaction, and adverse reaction occupied 47.9%, 15.2%, and 12.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Health counseling through online is predicted to increase steadily, so pharmacists should broaden their boundaries beyond off-line pharmacies to meet social needs.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.176-187
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• 1998

This study was performed to identify the significant variables affecting Follow-up after psychiatric consultation in General medical units and the trends of psychiatric consultation at the Hallym University hospital in Chunchon. Subjects of this study were 107 patients from April 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998, who were referred for psychiatric consultation during hospitalization. The results were as follows ; 1) Referral rate of General medical units was 7.5% and ordered Gastroenterology, Cardiology, nephrology, Other part. 2) The rate of total follow-up was 58% and the rate of No-follow-up was 42%. 3) In the cases of referral timing over admission 8th days, the days hospitalized after consultation performed were lengthened, significantly. 4) Common reasons for no follow-up of consultation were 'early- discharge' and 'patient's unwillingness to psychiatric reconsult. 5) Significant variables affecting follow-up were 'treatment recommendation', 'concordance with psychiatric drug recommendation', 'concordance with laboratory recommendation', 'total days hospitalized', 'Days hospitalization after consult was performed' and 'referral reason'.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2004년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.155-155
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• 2004

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2008

Scopolamine patch is an effective anticholinergic and antiemetic agent for motion sickness in S. Korea. Since this medication is Over The Counter (OTC) medication and may cause serious side effects when misused. Therefore, we evaluate the safety and efficacy for scopolamine patch in this study. We selected and surveyed total 43 patients who purchased scopolamine patch from three different pharmacies located at S and C Express Bus terminals and P Port at Seoul, Cheongju, and Busan. In the result, 11 patients (8${\sim}$15 year old:25.6%) were correctly used scopolamine patch with a children dose and 2 patients were misused. 26 (15${\sim}$60 year old: 60.4%) and 4 (over 6o year old: 9.3%) patients were correctly used with a adult dose. 33 patients (69.9%)answered that they knew the directions well how to use scopolamine patch correctly. Only 24.2% (n=8) patients learned the directions by pharmacist's consultation. Most patients (45 frequencies with duplicate counts) had some experienced side effects and among those drowsiness is the most common one. In conclusion, scopolamine patch as a non-prescription drug (OTC) should be monitored by pharmacist with correct drug consultation.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2019

연구목적 자살시도로 음독을 시도한 환자가 응급실에 내원했을 때, 응급의학과, 내과, 정신건강의학과가 서로 의사소통을 하고 우선순위에 따른 처치를 하는 것은 중요하다. 본 연구는 약물중독 환자에 대한 다학제 응급협진체계(이하 약물중독 응급협진체계)의 효용성을 검증하고자 시행되었다. 방 법 약물중독 응급협진체계 구축을 위해 정신건강의학과, 응급의학과, 내과의 전문의가 협의체를 구성하여, 응급실 내원 당시 복용 약물의 종류와 의식 수준에 따른 담당 진료과 및 협진의뢰과 배정, 각 과별 약물중독 환자 전담 교수 배정, 정기회의, 협진 응답 소요시간 제한, 원내 생명사랑위기대응센터 및 지역사회 자원 연계 등을 모두 프로토콜화하였다. 본 연구에서는 약물중독 응급협진체계가 시행되기 전인 2017년 7월부터 2018년 5월까지의 기간과, 시행 이후인 2018년 7월부터 2019년 5월까지의 의무기록 데이터를 후향적으로 통계분석하여, 약물 중독 응급협진체계의 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 결 과 약물중독 응급협진체계 시행 후, 시행 전에 비해 중환자실보다 개방병동으로의 입원이 유의하게 증가하였다(χ²=8.567, p=0.014). 또한 타과로 입원한 환자 중 정신건강의학과로의 협진 비율이 증가하는 경향을 보였고χ²=4.202, p=0.053), 협진 응답 소요시간은 감소하였다(Z=-2.031, p=0.042). 한편, 협진 결과 전과된 환자의 비율이 증가였하고(χ²=4.692, p=0.043), 전과까지 소요된 시간은 감소하는 경향을 보였다(Z=-1.941, p=0.052). 결 론 약물중독 응급협진체계 시행 후 불필요한 중환자실 입원, 협진 응답 소요시간, 전과 소요시간이 감소하였으며, 협진 의뢰 비율 및 전과 비율은 증가하였다. 이는 다학제 협진체계가 환자에게 필수적인 의료서비스를 보다 적은 의료비용으로 신속하게 제공하였음을 의미한다. 향후 약물중독 이외의 자살시도에 대해서도 응급협진체계를 구축하여, 각 과 간 명확하고 책임있는 의학적 권고를 신속하게 공유한다면, 환자의 치료 및 의료비용 측면에서 긍정적인 효과를 보일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

This research is conducted to evaluate the clinical and economic benefits from therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) service on vancomycin in a tertiary general hospital. Total 99 pairs of steady state peak and trough concentrations of vancomycin were obtained from 73 patients. To see the clinical benefits, the appropriateness of vancomycin dosing before TDM was evaluated. In 72 pairs of vancomycin blood concentrations obtained prior to TDM consultation, $47.2\%$ of the cases had reached within therapeutic range. Serum vancomycin levels in patients with $40{\leq}CLcr<60$ (ml/min) were higher and than the levels in patients with 40>CLcr and $60{\leq}CLcr$ (ml/min). Dose reduction rate in patients with creatinine clearance $40{\leq}CLcr<60$ (ml/min) were also significantly higher than those of compared groups ($61.5\%$, p=0.0138). Serum vancomycin concentrations were re-obtained from 21 patients who received modified dose through TDM service. Ninety percent (19/21cases) of them were within the target therapeutic range. For the evaluation of economic benefits from TDM consultation, estimated cost savings were calculated in those patients. The total drug saving were 586 vials in 21 patients. The calculated mean cost saving from the drugs was 314,570 won (range: $11,273\sim473,466)$ per patient. The study revealed that TDM service for vancomycin is necessary because empirical dosing is not effective for obtaining therapeutic drug level, especially patients with mild renal insufficiencies. The cost saving from TDM is also beneficial for the patients.