• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2008

Consultation program for pharmaceutical development is a new system in which pharmaceutical companies meet and discuss scientific and/or regulatory issues with drug regulatory authority in the research process and before submitting new drug applications. This program helps pharmaceutical companies reduce uncertainties in the research and development and increase the possibilities of getting drug marketing approval. Developed countries such as US, EU, and Japan have implemented various forms of pre-submission meetings or consultation programs since the mid-1990s. The rapid development of technology in pharmaceutical R&D increases the importance of communication between drug development companies and drug regulatory authority in Korea, too. In designing the consultation program, it is desirable to focus on the stages of clinical trials which take the longest period of time and the biggest amount of money in the pharmaceutical R&D process. We suggested that results or recommendations by drug regulatory authorities in pre-submission meetings or consultations be formally documented and considered in review process. Explicit scientific reasons are required for changing the results from consultations.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

All pharmacists must provide the drug consultation whenever dispense drugs to patients by the Korean Pharmacy Law. Drug consultation is very important procedure for increasing pharmacotherapy. Because it maximizes the therapeutic effects or/and minimizes adverse drug reaction during the drug therapy. However, it is not easy to do because of the dynamic and hectic pharmacy environment. Especially, if someone has a disabling body function, they required more time and efforts to perform consultation by pharmacist. Currently several auxiliary labels for helping drug consultation are using in pharmacy practice but not for disabling patients. Therefore we developed the total 53 auxiliary labels with size of 0.7 cm (width) and 1 cm (length) by Braillewriter letters for blind patients. This research has been performed for total 12 months (Mar. 15ts, 2007$\sim$Feb. 25th, 2008) and the developing methods are consisted of 4 steps: 1) selection of essential informations, 2) simplification of information, 3) changing for Braillewriter letters, 4) application and revising by blindness patients. Also the labels are consisted of 12 for adverse reactions and precautions, 8 for directions, 2 for storages, 9 for duration, 9 for dosage forms, and 12 for common names. After developed those labels, we revised those labels by discussion with 2 blind people. In conclusion, the new auxiliary labels for blind patients can increase therapeutic effects and decrease risks from pharmacotherapy besides decreasing of pharmacist's work load in the future.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-66
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• 1999

Polypharmacotherapy, both psychotropic and nonpsychotropic, is widespread in various situations including psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals. As the clinical practice of using more than one drug at a time increase, the clinician is faced with ever-increasing number of potential drug interactions. Although many interactions have little clinical significances, some may interfere with treatment or even be life-threatening. The objective of this review is evaluation for drug-drug interactions often encountered in psychiatric consultation. Drug interactions can be grouped into two principal subdivisions : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. These subgroups serve to focus attention on possible sites of interaction as a drug moves from the site of administration and absorption to its site of action. Pharmacokinetic processes are those that include transport to and from the receptor site and consist of absorption, distribution on body tissue, plasma protein binding, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamic interactions occur at biologically active sites. In psychiatric consultation, these two subdivisions of drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs are likely to happen. We gathered informations of the drugs used in physically ill patients who are consulted to psychiatric department in Korea University Hospital. And we reviewed the related literatures about the drug-drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of the study was to analyze the difference in the importance and performance of the educational content of the community pharmacy practice and find the factors that influence it. Methods: A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire asked about the importance and performance of the pharmacy practice education items to community pharmacy preceptors, current students, and professors. Data were analyzed using Microsoft office 365 Excel and IBM SPSS 21.0. Results: A total of 117 people participated. The averages of importance and performance were 4.34±0.34 and 3.71±0.45, respectively. Except for the computational entry of prescriptions and medication history, the average score for the importance of all educational items was statistically significantly higher than the one for performance. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) identified over-the-counter medication counseling, over-the-counter drug selection consultation, pharmacy management, adverse drug reaction monitoring, and understanding and implementation of drug use evaluation as the items that needed focused effort. Borich's needs were highest in the adverse drug reaction monitoring. Conclusions: Overall, high importance and low performance indicate a need for improvement in community pharmacy practice education. Since the demand for education was high in over-the-counter medication counseling, adverse drug reaction monitoring, and OTC drug selection consultation, various supports are urgently needed to strengthen pharmacy practice education in this area in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 2016

Background: With the development of information and communication technology, there is a growing number of people looking for health information on the internet. This pilot study was performed to analyze the pattern of pharmacist consultation on the internet portal site. Methods: Questions and answers posted on the portal site "Naver Jisik-iN" from March 1st to 31th in 2016 were collected. Medications asked were categorized into prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, sanitary aids, emergency drugs, functional health foods, and others. Medications were subcategorized into 14 according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system. Questions were divided into 10 categories based on Hepler's drug-related problems. Results: Of the 955 cases, females accounted for 59.5% and inquirers from 11 to 40 years old, 89.4%. The number of prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, sanitary aids, emergency drugs, functional health foods, and others were 428 (44.8%), 328 (34.3%), 31 (3.3%), 2 (0.2%), 122 (12.8%), and 44 (4.6%), respectively. Questions for drugs acting on alimentary tract and metabolism took up 27.4% followed by those on nervous system, 13.6% and anti-infectives for systemic use, 12.2%. Pharmacist consultation regarding drug information, drug interaction, and adverse reaction occupied 47.9%, 15.2%, and 12.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Health counseling through online is predicted to increase steadily, so pharmacists should broaden their boundaries beyond off-line pharmacies to meet social needs.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 1998

This study was performed to identify the significant variables affecting Follow-up after psychiatric consultation in General medical units and the trends of psychiatric consultation at the Hallym University hospital in Chunchon. Subjects of this study were 107 patients from April 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998, who were referred for psychiatric consultation during hospitalization. The results were as follows ; 1) Referral rate of General medical units was 7.5% and ordered Gastroenterology, Cardiology, nephrology, Other part. 2) The rate of total follow-up was 58% and the rate of No-follow-up was 42%. 3) In the cases of referral timing over admission 8th days, the days hospitalized after consultation performed were lengthened, significantly. 4) Common reasons for no follow-up of consultation were 'early- discharge' and 'patient's unwillingness to psychiatric reconsult. 5) Significant variables affecting follow-up were 'treatment recommendation', 'concordance with psychiatric drug recommendation', 'concordance with laboratory recommendation', 'total days hospitalized', 'Days hospitalization after consult was performed' and 'referral reason'.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.155-155
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• 2004

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2008

Scopolamine patch is an effective anticholinergic and antiemetic agent for motion sickness in S. Korea. Since this medication is Over The Counter (OTC) medication and may cause serious side effects when misused. Therefore, we evaluate the safety and efficacy for scopolamine patch in this study. We selected and surveyed total 43 patients who purchased scopolamine patch from three different pharmacies located at S and C Express Bus terminals and P Port at Seoul, Cheongju, and Busan. In the result, 11 patients (8${\sim}$15 year old:25.6%) were correctly used scopolamine patch with a children dose and 2 patients were misused. 26 (15${\sim}$60 year old: 60.4%) and 4 (over 6o year old: 9.3%) patients were correctly used with a adult dose. 33 patients (69.9%)answered that they knew the directions well how to use scopolamine patch correctly. Only 24.2% (n=8) patients learned the directions by pharmacist's consultation. Most patients (45 frequencies with duplicate counts) had some experienced side effects and among those drowsiness is the most common one. In conclusion, scopolamine patch as a non-prescription drug (OTC) should be monitored by pharmacist with correct drug consultation.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2019

Objectives : When a patient who attempts suicide visits the emergency room, it is important that the departments of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and psychiatry communicate with each other and prioritize treatment. This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary emergency consultation system (ECS) for drug intoxicated patients. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data from medical records prior to the ECS, from July 2017 to May 2018, and after the ECS, from July 2018 to May 2019, to verify the effectiveness of the system. Results : After the ECS, admission to open wards was significantly higher than to the intensive care units (χ²=8.567, p=0.014). In addition, the proportion of consultations to the department of psychiatry among patients admitted to other departments tended to increase (χ²=4.202, p=0.053), and the time required for consultation response decreased (Z=-2.031, p=0.042). As a result of the consultation, the proportion of the patients who had been transferred to the department of psychiatry was increased (χ²=4.692, p=0.043), and the time spent to transfer tended to decrease (Z=-1.941, p=0.052). Conclusions : After implementing the ECS for drug intoxicated patients, unnecessary intensive care unit admissions, consultation response time, and the time spent to transfer were reduced, and the rate of consultation referrals and transfer rates increased. This means that the multidisciplinary consultation system rapidly provided essential medical services to patients at lower medical costs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

This research is conducted to evaluate the clinical and economic benefits from therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) service on vancomycin in a tertiary general hospital. Total 99 pairs of steady state peak and trough concentrations of vancomycin were obtained from 73 patients. To see the clinical benefits, the appropriateness of vancomycin dosing before TDM was evaluated. In 72 pairs of vancomycin blood concentrations obtained prior to TDM consultation, $47.2\%$ of the cases had reached within therapeutic range. Serum vancomycin levels in patients with $40{\leq}CLcr<60$ (ml/min) were higher and than the levels in patients with 40>CLcr and $60{\leq}CLcr$ (ml/min). Dose reduction rate in patients with creatinine clearance $40{\leq}CLcr<60$ (ml/min) were also significantly higher than those of compared groups ($61.5\%$, p=0.0138). Serum vancomycin concentrations were re-obtained from 21 patients who received modified dose through TDM service. Ninety percent (19/21cases) of them were within the target therapeutic range. For the evaluation of economic benefits from TDM consultation, estimated cost savings were calculated in those patients. The total drug saving were 586 vials in 21 patients. The calculated mean cost saving from the drugs was 314,570 won (range: $11,273\sim473,466)$ per patient. The study revealed that TDM service for vancomycin is necessary because empirical dosing is not effective for obtaining therapeutic drug level, especially patients with mild renal insufficiencies. The cost saving from TDM is also beneficial for the patients.