• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-136
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to investigate the gender difference of relationship between psycho-social factors ana smoking, drinking in adolescents. Method: The stratified cluster sample consisted of 925 adolescents. Data were collected from May to March 2002. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Stress, DES-D, Social Support and Self-Esteem. Results: The results showed that female had more perceived stress, depressed than male. Male had more social support network, smoke than female. Male who smoked cigarettes were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not smoke. Female who smoked cigarettes were more social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not smoke. Also male who drank alcohol were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not drank. Female who drank alcohol were perceived stress, depressed, social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not drank. Conclusion: It is hoped that much more research on gender difference in adolescents who smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol will be implemented in the future. In addition, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among female and male adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in men with Diabetes Mellitus and to examine the relationships among those variables. Method: The subject consisted of 152 adult men with diabetes mellitus. Q-F methods and FTQ was used to measure the level of alcohol consumption and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs used per week. Results: Prevalence of drinking was 63.6% and in the current drinkers, 34.4% were heavy drinkers. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 36.2% with a mean of 6.03 packs per week. Twenty percent of the smokers were dependent on nicotine. Subjects who had complications or other diseases drank alcohol more than who had not. There was a positive relationship between the level of smoking and nicotine dependency. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is a serious health problem in men with diabetes. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and smoking in diabetes patients.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2001

In health promotion program, the fear of gaining weight is often given as a reason for giving up smoking cessation by the participants. The purpose of this study is to compare drinking habit, exercise and BMI distribution according to smoking habits. The subjects of this study were 83 industrial workers in Gu-mi. Data collection was conducted from Sep. 18th to Sep. 24th 2000. The method was self-reported questionnaire survey, consisted of general characterisics, smoking habits and its relevant questions. The results are as follows : 1. Fifty-nine percents of the subjects were currently smoking. 2. Smoking habits were significantly related with drinking(p=.049). More smokers(81.6%) reported drinking habit than non-smokers(61.7%). 3. Forty-one point two percents of the non-smoker and 34.7% of the smoker perceived their body type as "fat". 4. The mean values of BMI were 22.0 in smokers with 1-9 cigarettes/day, 24.2 in 10-19 cigarettes/day smokers and 24.0 in smokers with over 20 cigarettes/day. There are no statistically significant differences in BMI among smoking habits. 5. BMI among different smoking habit groups was not significant different in age, drinking habit, exercise, and smoking habit.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.304-313
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine preventive effects of water drinking on postprandial fall of blood pressure in the elderly. Method: Participants were 25 elders who had experienced postprandial fall of systolic blood pressure of more than 15mmHg in a previous study. Within subject repeated measures design using random order allocation was used to control extraneous variables among participants. During the experiment, each participant had to drink 400mL water before lunch, whereas when in the control, they only had their lunch. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured for both times before lunch and at 15 minutes intervals up to 90 minutes after lunch. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures of ANOVA, paired t-test and Bonferroni adjustment as Post-hoc analysis. Results: Water drinking before lunch elicited significant pressor effects by increasing systolic and diastolic pressure $13.9{\pm}4.7/5.2{\pm}2.2mmHg$ compared blood pressure during the control p<.005, p<.022. Heart rate, however, did not change significantly at either time. Conclusion: Drinking water before meal is recommended for elders who experience postprandial hypotension. However, the appropriate volume of water to prevent postprandial fall in blood pressure should be further studied.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

This study investigated the micropollutants present in raw water supplied for the several drinking water treatment plants in Seoul. The target sample waters were collected from the several sites, such as Jayang (JY), Kuui (KI), Paldang (PD) and Kangbuk (KB) at the Han-River stream. The analytical method used in this study enable us to detect about 300 kinds of chemicals commonly found in surface water at ppt level by GC-ion trap MS. In this study, the consideration on the analytic results focused on the four hazardous organics, such as benzenes, phenols, phthalates and pesticides. The numbers of each detected micropollutant were 1~8 kinds for benzenes, 1~7 kinds for phenols, 5~7 kinds for phthalates and 1~9 kinds for pesticides. For the pesticides, the higher concentration was detected in the water samples collected from PD and KB adjacent to the farming area, and at June and July, which is the busy farming season. The total concentrations of each micropollutants detected at all the sites were significantly lower than those of drinking water regulation in Korea as well as other advanced countries. However, the frequently detected micropollutants requires the steady and precise monitoring for the effective management of drinking water source.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1995

To assess preliminarily the contamination potential of water resources including groundwater owing to the hydrogeological characteristics of landfill site and the potential impact to humans and animals through contamination of water resources by leachate, "Landfill Site Preliminary Assessment Model(LASPAS)" was contrived. LASPAS could help them proritization of remediation of landfil sites by the convenient and relatively simple evaluation method of landfill site features. LASPAS was designd to aliot numerical ratings to landfill site related factors undermentioned; 1) hydrogeological factors such as hydraulic conductivity of aquifer, thickness of confining layer over aquifer, topographical slope, net recharge, and subsurface containment 2) water resources contamination factors of impacts on receptors such as proximity to drinking water supply, substitutability of drinking water supply, type of use of water resources, known impact on drinking water supply, and flood potential.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

There are lots of waterborne diseases which are caused by pathogenic microorganisms disseminated in contaminated environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of water qualify and in order to investigate the sanitary condition of water purifier in northern part of Gyeonggi-do. We analyzed pathogenic microorganisms and 44 items of drinking water criteria from April to July in 2002. The results were as follows. 1. In 774 samples of water purifier, Pathogenic bacteria(salmonella, E coli O-157, O-26, O-111, shigella, pseudomonas etc.) were not isolated and total coliforms not detected. 2. About 76.5% of the water with purifier are found to be appropriated to the drinking water quality criteria. but 182 samples(23.5%) were without limits of drinking water criteria. 3. In the microbiological examination, 774 samples of purified water showed that 169 samples(21.9%) exceed the range of recommended limits(100 $CFU/m{\ell}$) to the total viable bacterial counts by pour plate method.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.659-663
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• 2005

Many studies have been conducted to develop new technologies for arsenic removal and to reveal the levels of arsenic and other chemicals in rivers, lakes and ground waters. However, there are few studies dealing with such compounds in the total water system of the city, and the way of management of these compounds in the water system. Because the occurrence of these hazardous compounds, which are geological origins, is almost impossible to control, it is very important to manage these compounds in the water system. In this research, it was revealed that the risk of arsenic in the water treatment system of S city in Japan. As a results, the parameters such as Q in river and E260 in drinking water treatment plant is proposed as a new indicator with simple and rapid method for controling arsenic level.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1996

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP/AES) is a versatile modern instruments for the multi-element analysis, but quantitative analysis using ICP/AES with normal pneumatic nebulizer is not applicable for the measurement of elemental concentrations in water down to the drinkining water standard level except a few elements because of poor detection limits. However, the detection limit can be lowered enough to measure drinking water standard, if ultrasonic nebulizer and/or hydride vapor generator is attached. This method is tested with groundwater samples from Tajeon area. It is confirmed that the elemental concentrations in these samples are within the limit of drinking water standard for the most elements. However, uranium concentration is very high in some samples compared with the concentrations suggested by Environmental Protection Agency of U.S.A. There is no standard concentration level to this element in Korea and it should be prepared immediately.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

Dietary pattern in relation to alcohol consumption was studied in 7,370 Korean adults aged 20 years and older in 1998 Koran National Health and Nutrition Survey in which 24 hour recall method was used for dietary survey, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on food and nutrient intake among Koreans, Individual drinking data was collected by interview as a part of health behavior survey T est was adopted to between nutrient intake level and drinking status. Drinkers of both sexes showed less consumption of foods from vegetable origins than non-drinkers, Consequently,. They also had significantly less carbohydrate consumption then non-drinker. This result may suggest that diets of Korean drinkers is unbalanced in terms of low consumption of food from vegetable origin and carbohydrate, Nutrition education should focus on those issues to improve the nutritional status and prevent potential risk disease by unbalanced diet.