• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.233-246
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• 2022

Purpose : The study aims to determine the effects of virtual and non-virtual realities in a normal person's mirror walk on gait characteristics. Methods : Twenty male adults (Age: 27.8 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. Reflection markers were attached to the subjects for motion analysis, and they walked in virtual reality environments with mirrors by wearing goggles that showed them the virtual environments. After walking in virtual environments, the subjects walked in non-virtual environments with mirrors a certain distance away after taking a 5 min break. To prevent the order effect caused by the experiential difference of gait order, the subjects were randomly classified into groups of 10 and the order was differentiated. During each walk, an infrared camera was used to detect motion and the marker positions were saved in real time. Results : Comparison between the virtual and non-virtual reality mirror walks showed that the movable range of the leg joints (ankle, knee, and hip joints), body joints (sacroiliac and atlantoaxial joints), and arm joints (shoulder and wrist joints) significantly differed. Temporal characteristics showed that compared to non-virtual gaits, the virtual gaits were slower and the cycle time and double limb support time of virtual gaits were longer. Furthermore, spacial characteristics showed that compared to non-virtual gaits, virtual gaits had shorter steps and stride lengths and longer stride width and horizontally longer center of movement. Conclusion : The reduction in the joint movement in virtual reality compared to that in non-virtual reality is due to adverse effects on balance and efficiency during walking. Moreover, the spatiotemporal characteristics change based on the gait mechanisms for balance, exhibiting that virtual walks are more demanding than non-virtual walks. However, note that the subject group is a normal group with no abnormalities in gait and balance and it is unclear whether the decrease in performance is due to the environment or fear. Therefore, the effects of the subject group's improvement and fear on the results need to be analyzed in future studies.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2006

악교정 수술 시행 시 연조직 변화에 대한 대부분의 연구는 II급 부정교합을 대상으로 하였다. 또한 수술 방법에 따른 연조직 변화에 대한 비교 연구가 부족하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 골격성 III급 부정교합자에서 상악골 전진술과 하악골 후퇴술을 동시에 시행한 양악 수술과 하악골 편악 수술 시행 시, 경조직과 연조직 측모 및 연조직 두께의 변화를 관찰하고, 수술 전후 변화의 상관성을 산출하며, 경조직 변화에 수반하는 연조직 변화의 비율을 산출하여 교정-악교정 수술 복합 치료 계획 수립과 결과의 예측에 이용하고자 시행되었다. 경희대학교 치과병원 교정과에 내원하여 골격성 III급 부정교합자로 진단받은 환자 52명을 대상으로 하여, Le Fort I osteotomy를 이용한 상악골 전방이동술과 시상분할골절단술을 이용한 하악골 후퇴술을 시행한 양악 수술군 26명과 하악골 후퇴술만을 시행한 편악 수술군 26명으로 구분하여, 수술 전후 측모두부방사선규격사진을 계측, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 양악 수술군은 골격 변화량의 72.4% 비율로 상순 부위 연조직의 전방 이동을 보였으며, 편악 수술군은 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 비순각은 양악 수술군에서 편악 수술군에 비해 더 크게 증가하였다. 이순각은 편악 수술군에서 더 크게 감소하였다. 하악골의 후방 이동에 따른 연조직 pogonion의 후방 이동은 양악 수술군에서 98%, 편악 수술군에서 109%로 편악 수술군에서 더 크게 나타났다. 양악 수술군에서는 편악 수술군에 비하여 경조직의 변화에 수반하는 상순에서의 큰 변화가 나타났다. 편악 수술군에서는 상순의 변화는 미약하였으며, 하순 및 이부의 변화가 양악 수술군에 비해 두드러지게 나타났다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2015

목적: 교합접촉 분석에 대한 연구는 외국인을 대상으로 이루어져왔다. 이번 연구에서는 T-Scan을 이용하여 하악 측방운동시 교합접촉 분석을 통해 한국인의 교합 양상을 파악해보고자 한다. 재료 및 방법: 87명을 대상으로 T-Scan을 이용하여 하악 측방운동시 교합접촉을 분석하였다. 최대교두감합위에서 측방으로 3 mm범위까지 교합접촉을 측정하였으며, 최대교두감합위, 우측방운동, 좌측방운동을 각각 3회씩 측정하였다. 교합접촉은 thin metal foil을 이용하여 재확인하였다. 결과는 균형측 교합접촉 고려하지 않은 경우와 고려한 경우로 나누어 정리하였다. 결과: 하악 측방운동시 균형측 접촉 고려 유무에 따라 결과에서 많은 차이가 관찰되었으며, 두가지 분류 모두에서 군기능유도가 가장 우세하게 나타났다. 작업측에서는 견치에서 가장 많은 접촉빈도가 관찰되었으며, 견치에서 구치부로 멀어질수록 접촉빈도는 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 균형측에서는 제 2대구치에서 압도적으로 많은 빈도로 관찰되었다. 성별에 따른 균형측 접촉 빈도는 여성에서 더 높은 균형측 교합접촉이 관찰되었으며 이는 통계적으로 유의성이 있었다(${\alpha}$=.05). 결론: 전방유도의 양상 중 군기능유도가 가장 우세하게 나타났다. 작업측에서는 견치에서 가장 높은 접촉빈도가 관찰되었으며, 균형측에서는 제 2 대구치에서 가장 높은 접촉빈도가 관찰되었다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1997

비점오염원으로 토양과 수환경에 영향을 미치는 우분퇴비의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 상부와 하부에 연결한 다층토양칼럼을 가지고 음이온의 토양으로부터 용출경향을 조사하였다. 상부 칼럼은 건조 우분 퇴비를 0, 2,4, 6%의 비율로 Ap토양에 처리한후 균일하게 채웠고 하부칼럼은 15, 30, 45cm의 길이의 아크릴칼럼에 B층 토양을 용적비중 1.3g/$\textrm{cm}^3$으로 채운 후 결합하였다. 이렇게 조합된 칼럼을 충분히 포화시킨 후 증류수를 칼럼의 상부에서 일정 수두높이를 유지하면서 칼럼의 하부에서 수집되는 용출수의 수리전도도와 용출된 음이온의 농도를 조사하였다. 상부와 하부의 각각의 수리전도도는 3$\times$$10^{-4}$cm/sec 와 1.6$\times$$10^{-3}$cm/sec 이었고 비특정흡착특성을 지니는 대부분의 수용성 염소와 황산이온은 90%가 0.2 공극수량에서 그리고 대부분의 음이온은 1 공극수량이내에 용출되는 경향을 보였는데 이는 이들 이온이 토양에 가해진 유기물에 의해 이동에 영향을 받지 않았음을 보여주는 것이다. 또한 이들 음이온이 통과하는 토양의 깊이도 이들 음이온의 이동에 영향을 주지 않았음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 비특정과 특정 모두의 흡착특성을 가지는 황산이온의 경우 용출곡선이 오른쪽으로 약간 이동하여 용출이 지연되는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 인산이온의 경우 조사된 5 공극수량 이내에서 전혀 용출되지 않았다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2007

Grould Reaction force(GRF) is important in human movements and GRF measurements are one of the most frequently used tool in biomechanical studies. In the studies of the golf swing motion, people refer to GRF as weight transfer. A successful golf swing motion requires many segments activation sequences which are controled by the nerve system. Due to the inter- and intra-individual variability of the human movement and the movement strategies, reliability of the measurements are important in human movement studies. Previous golf researches were based on group studies and certain events' values were analyzed. The purposes of this study were to determine the number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection, to reveal the variability level of the meaningful components of the golf swing GRF, and to classify the types of the golf swing GRF patterns. Twenty three male professional golfers($26.4{\pm}6.6$ years, $174.3{\pm}5.2\;cm$, $71.3{\pm}6.5\;kg$) signed an informed consent form prior to participation in this study. GRFs of driver swings were collected with Kistler 9285 force platform and 9865A amplifier, and calculated by the KwonGRF program(Visol, Korea). Sampling frequency was 1080 Hz. GRF data were trimmed from 1.5 s prior to the impact to 0.5 s after the impact. The number of trials for the reliable GRF collection was determined when the change in floating mean overs the 25 % of the standard deviation of that variable. Variabilities of the variables were determined by the coefficient of variation(CV) of 10 %. The types of GRF patterns were determined by visual inspection of the peak GRF shapes. The minimum number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection was five. Ten-trial seems more conservative. The value of the peak GRF was more reliable than the value of the impact GRF. The CV of the peak GRF and impact GRF were 7.4 %, 15.2 %, respectively. Because of the +/- sigh of the peak GRF appearance time, it was impossible to calculate CV of the peak GRF appearance time. Golf swing GRF patterns were classified as sing peak type, double peak type, and plateau peak type. This classification suggests the presence of the different golf swing weight transfer strategies.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.431-441
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• 2022

디지털 안궁이전 장치로 하악의 운동로를 기록하고 캐드 소프트웨어(CAD software) 상에 반영할 수 있는데 이를 고려한 보철 수복은 치료 결과를 향상시킨다. 본 증례는 상하악 대구치가 소실된 환자에서 디지털 기술을 활용하여 임플란트를 식립 및 보철 수복한 증례이다. 구내 스캔 후 디지털 진단 왁스업을 토대로 임플란트 수술용 가이드를 제작한 뒤 임플란트 식립했다. 6개월의 충분한 골유착 후, 맞춤형 지대주와 첫번째 임시 보철물을 장착하였다. 2개월 후 지대주 수준에서 구강 스캔 및 디지털 안궁이전 장치로 가상 교합기 상마운팅하고 하악 운동을 기록했다. 하악의 움직임을 고려하여 두번째 임시 보철물을 제작, 장착 후 안정된 교합 상태에서 더블 스캔 과정으로 복제하여 지르코니아 최종 보철물을 디자인하고 장착했다.

• 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2011

This research proposed the space planing methode and diagrams of restaurant kitchens to improve hygiene by analyzing the related contents collected from books and researches in interior design and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point). HACCP is an effective and scientific hygiene system for food safety in order to prevent cross-contamination from food hazards. Based on the analyses, improvement of food production environments like restaurant kitchens is necessary for food hygiene. The space planing methode of restaurant kitchens to improve hygiene are followings: The circulation planing is that the direction of movement of the food, workers, waste, and dishes should be fractionated and managed for cross-contamination prevention. The space separation planing is that the spaces in the kitchen should be classified and divided into contaminated area and non-contaminated and clean area depending on the degree of cleanliness. The zoning is space arrangement with feed-back process to check the possible points of cross-contamination and correct space arrangement until the possibility of cross-contamination disappear in kitchen. However, if cross-contamination is unavoidable in some points in restaurant kitchens, hygiene facilities such as washing rooms, pass rooms, and double doors with air-shower should be located in order to remove contamination.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of Gam-ki (double-arm winding) depending on the emotion being expressed. Gam-ki is one of the basic movements of Korean traditional dance. Method : We selected three Korean traditional dancers who belong to National Dance Company of Korea. They were asked to express four different emotions (anger, joy, sadness, and neutral) while performing Gam-ki. We analyzed elapsed time and time ratio, size of movement, ground reaction forces and ground impulses. Results : During Gam-ki the elapsed time for each phase as well as for one cycle was longest when "sadness" was expressed then followed by "neutral" and then "angry" and "joy." Except for the ankle in/eversion, the ROMs of the lower limb joints seem not to be an emotion-characteristic factor. The ROMs of the upper limb joints were largest when "anger" was expressed. Neck rotation is associated with expressing negative emotions ("angry" and "sadness"). For medial-lateral GRF "angry"> "joy" > "neutral" > "sadness" was in order. Therefore, it can be regarded as a factor indicating the activity of the emotion.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2013

National park, as a natural park, has a dual purpose, to promote both protection and enjoyment. The educational activities of the national park can be partly understood as one of the appropriate means to balance its double purposes. This study provides a review of environmental education in the US National Parks according to social transition. Taking historical perspective and case studies, environmental education has played roles in helping the balance between preservation and enjoyment. Since the environmental movement, environmental education goals, particularly understanding the natural processes observable at national parks, has become more a part of the interpretation and education missions of the parks. Also non-governmental and non-profit partners have played important educational-based roles in support of both the National Parks Service and environmental education goals. The two different models also differ in the public's perception of them. Federal employees are resented in some rural areas in the U.S., but the general population automatically attributes authority, friendliness, and national-interestedness to NPS Rangers. This may in turn limit how strongly such staff could serve as strong advocates for the environment. On the other hand, the non-profit may be seen by some as strongly liberally biased and associated with urban wealth. It is also not as universally recognized as the NPS. It can, however, go far to develop new partnerships and undertake public relations. Non-profits vary greatly in quality, also affecting public perception.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2007

Circulation planning for exhibition space depends on visitors, exhibition documents and exhibition space. To make visitors feel sympathy for the exhibition and meet visitors' movement and its spatial factors in the exhibition, guidelines for the planning layout of exhibition and exhibition space are needed. This research was aimed at gathering guidelines about the circulation planning for exhibition space for visitors who can acquire exhibition information in a natural way and enjoy the whole aspect of exhibition or enjoy preferential exhibition by investigating and analyzing viewing types of visitors, layout of exhibition and space unit exhibition. The result of this research was summarized as the following. 1) It needs optional viewing space large enough to be seen clearly so that all exhibition space can be seen at a glance at the main entrance of exhibition. 2) Layout of exhibition is needed for island-exhibition position and optional space preparation, when visitors pass by an article on exhibition short-cut. 3) Layout of exhibition is needed for double sided exhibition.