• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.6011-6017
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of selective radiotherapy after distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with dose-dense cisplatin plus fluorouracil. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients were randomly assigned to a study group treated with dose-dense cisplatin plus fluorouracil following selective radiotherapy and a control group receiving traditional cisplatin plus fluorouracil following selective radiotherapy according to a 1:1 distribution using a digital random table method. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate, relapse or progression rate in the radiation field and treatment toxicity. Results: Of 52 patients in the study group, 20 cases underwent radiotherapy., while in the control group of 51 patients, 16 underwent radiotherapy. The median PFS, median OS, survival rates in 1, 2 and 3 years in study and control group were 20.9 vs 12.7months, 28.3 vs 18.8months, 85.2%vs 65.9%, 62.2% vs 18.3%, and 36.6%vs 5.2% (p values of 0.00, 0.00, 0.04, 0.00 and 0.00, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that the median OS and survival rates of 1, 2, 3 years for patients undergoing radiotherapy in the study group better than that in control group( 43.2vs24.1 months, 94.1% vs 86.7%, 82.4% vs 43.3%, 64.7% vs 17.3%, (p=0.00, 0.57, 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). The complete response rate, objective response rate after chemotherapy and three months after radiotherapy, relapse or progression rate in radiation field in study group and in control group were 19.2% vs 3.9%, 86.5% vs 56.9%, 85% vs 50%, 95% vs 81.3% and 41.3% vs 66.7% (p =0.03, 0.00, 0.03,0.30, 0.01 respectively). The grade 3-4 acute adverse reactions in the study group were significantly higher than in the control group (53.8% vs 9.8%, p=0.00). Conclusions: The survival of patients benefits from selective radiotherapy after distant metastasis of NPC treated with dose-dense cisplatin plus fluorouracil.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2001

Prupose : LiF TLD has a problem to be used in vivo dosimetry because of the toxic property of LiF. The aim of this study is to develop new dosimeter with LiF TLD to be used in vivo dosimetry. Materials and methods : We designed and manufactured the teflon box(here after TLD holder) to put TLD in. The external size of TLD holder is $4\times4\times1\;mm^3$ To estimate the effect of TLD holder on TLD response for radiation, the linearity of TLD response to nominal dose were measured for TLD in TLD holder. Measurement were peformed in the 10 MV x-ray beam with LiF TLD using a solid water phantom at SSD of 100 cm. Percent Depth Dose (PDD) and Tissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) with varying phantom thickness on TLD were measured to find the effect of TLD holder on the dose coefficient used for dose calculation in radiation therapy. Results : The linearity of response of TLD in TLD holder to the nominal dose was improved than TLD only used as dosimeter And in various measurement conditions, it makes a marginnal difference between TLD in TLD holder and TLD only in their responses. Conclusion : It was proven that the TLD in TLD holder as a new dosimetry could be used in vivo dosimetry.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.19-30
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• 2013

This study was aimed to develop a new formula for herbal medicine-safety classification in terms of evidence-based medicine. Recently, human equivalent dose(HED)-based therapeutic index was developed for herbal medicine-safety classification by transforming $LD_{50}$ to HED. However, the use of the $ED_{50}$ and $LD_{50}$ to derive the therapeutic index may be misleading as to safety, depending on the slope of the dose-response curves for therapeutic and lethal effects. To overcome this deficiency, HED-based MOS(Margin of Safety)was developed and suggested in this study. The HED-based MOS developed by using $LD_1$, changing to ALD(approximate lethal dose), and $ED_{99}$. The HED-based MOS seems to be more useful and safer than HED-based therapeutic index since its values for several herbal medicines are basically two times less than the values from HED-based therapeutic index. Thus, HED-based MOS can be a good example of Evidence-based approach for herbal medicine-safety classification.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.266-273
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• 2002

The dose dependence of the severity of radiation-induced thymic lymphoma in C57BL/6J mice was studied. Mice were exposed to fractionated irradiation at the total doses of 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 Gy (four irradiations at 8-day intervals) starting from 33 days after birth. Pathological and histological changes of each mouse were observed after periodical sacrifice at day 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 after the first irradiation. The severity of cancers were classified into 4 stages by clinical signs with respect to the enlargement of the thymus, spleen, liver, the progression of the cancer in the thymus, and the metastasis to the spleen, liver, lung and the lymphatic nodes. Among the 490 mice observed, 146 mice had thymic lymphoma. A clear dose-effect relationship was observed as well as the dose-response relationship. Also, periodical observation showed that thymic lymphoma was first induced in mice sacrificed at day 100 (130days old), and metastasize in the order of spleen, lung, liver and then the lymphatic nodes. The results suggest that radiation may be involved not only as a tumor initiator but also as a tumor promoter, and a tumor progression-enhancing agent.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1999

Today, toxicology is used for many purpose, in many fields. Classification of special toxic effect is related next 4 important principles. 1. The chemical substance must move to target organ or tissue that can induce Biological effect. For this movement, we have to understand the physical-chemical characteristic of substance, and the rout of absorption, metabolism, diffusion and excretion of toxic substance. 2. Every biological effect that induced by chemical substance is not harmful. For example, some specific chemical substance is not harmful in liver enzyme system. 3. The strength of biological effect induced by chemical substance is deep related with dose. Nearly all substance is not effective below the specific dose, and it may toxic to death over the specific dose. It is the 'Dose - response relationship' But carcinogen may toxic whether it is law dose or not. 4. The information that was obtained by experimental animal test, could have to adapt in human biology. Because biological effect of chemical substance could be different in every biological species. In past, drugs was obtained by animal or plants. But in the future, it could be obtained by biochemistry, and genome project. Therefore, in Oriental medicine, research and approach is needed at this time, and have to develop new method of experience in toxic method.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.329-342
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• 2000

Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium(CRVP) is being used to regulate the flow of Q(氣) However, the mechanism of it's pharmacological actions is not well understood. The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of CRVP contractil response of isolated on abdominal and femoral artery in rabbits and renal artery in pigs. 1. Abdominal artery was relaxed by CRVP in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Femoral artery was relaxed by CRVP in a dose-dependent manner 3. Pretreatment with methylene blue and indomethacin did not inhibited CRVP induced relax in abdominal artery and femoral artery. 4. Renal artery was relaxed by $H_{2}O$ fraction in a dose-dependent manner, 5. Pretreatment with regitine inhibited $H_{2}O$ fraction(CRVP) induced relax in renal artery in a dose-dependent manner. 6. Renal artery was not relaxed by hexane fraction(CRVP) in a dose-dependent manner. 7. Pretreatment with regitine$(10^{-7}M)$ was relaxed by methylene chloride(MC)(CRVP) and $H_{2}O$ fraction in a $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

The effects of different doses of tramadol on analgesia and electroencephalographic (EEG) spectralparameters were compared in rats. Saline or tramadol 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was administered. The degree of analgesia was evaluated by tail-flick latency, and the degree of seizure was measured using numerical seizure score (NSS). Additionally, band powers, median power frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 were measured to quantify the EEG response. All doses of tramadol produced spike-wave discharge. Tramadol significantly and dose-dependently increased the analgesia, but these effects did not correspond with the changes in the EEG spectral parameters. NSS significantly increased in the Tramadol 20 and 40 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the Control and TRA5 groups, and two rats given 40 mg/kg had convulsions. In conclusion, tramadol dose-dependently increased the analgesic effect, and the 10 mg/kg dose appears to be a reliable clinical dose for analgesia in rats, but dose-dependent increases in analgesia and seizure severity did not correlate with EEG spectral parameters.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2001

The dosimetric properties of Ge- and Er-doped optical fibres are studied. The Ge-doped fibre is found to be more sensitive to radiation and there is little fading of TL signal compared with Er-doped fibre. The Ge- and Er-doped fibres showed a linear response over a range of ${\sim}1\;Gy$ to about 120 Gy and ${\sim}1Gy$ to about 250Gy respectively. The Ge-doped fibre is found to be dose-rate independent both for photons and electron beams of energy ranging from 6 to 10 MeV and 6 to 12 MeV respectively. The fibre is energy independent for energy greater than ${\sim}0.1\;MeV$ for photon or 0.1 MeV for electron beam. From the depth-dose measurement, it was found that the position of maximum dose, dmax, increased with increasing energy ranging from ${\sim}2\;cm$ and ${\sim}2.5\;cm$ for 6 MeV and 10 MeV photons respectively. The central axis percentage depth dose at 10 cm depth was found to be in good agreement with the value obtained using ionization chamber.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate repeated-dose toxicities of CONP01 in Sprague-Dawley rats. CONP01, a new antiarthritic agent was administered orally to rats at dose levels of 0, 125, 500 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. In present study, there were no dose response changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, organ weights, urine analysis, hematological findings, and biochemical examination of all animals treated with CONP01. Gross and histopathological findings revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to CONP01. These result suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of CONP01 may be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

To determine the dose·survival and repair characteristics of the jejunal crypt cells, experimental study was carried out using total 70 mice. Single or split irradiations of 1,100 to 2,200 rad were delivered to whole bodies of $C_{57}$ BL mice, using a cesium 137 animal irradiator and those mice were sacrificed after 90 hours. The number of regenerating crypts per jejunal circumference was counted by a jejunal crypt cell assay technique and dose·response curve was measured. The results were as follows : 1. The average number of jejunal crypts per circumference in control group was 140. In a single irradiation group, the number of regenerated jejunal crypts was, 125, 56, 2 in each subgroup of 1,100 rad, 1,400 rad and 1,800 rad respectively. In split irraiation group, it was 105,44,2 in each subgroup of 1,400rad 1,800rad and 2,200rad respectively. 2. Mean lethal dose of mouse jejunal crypt cell was 167 and 169 rad respectively in a single and split irradiation. 3. Repair dose of sublethal damage was 280 rad. 4. Sublethal damage was completely repaired within 4 hours between the split dose of irradiation.