• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.249-260
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• 2007

Purpose: In order to enhance the quality of IMRT as employed in Korea, we developed a remote monitoring system. The feasibility of the system was evaluated by conducting a pilot study. Materials and Methods: The remote monitoring system consisted of a head and neck phantom and a user manual. The phantom contains a target and three OARs (organs at risk) that can be detected on CT images. TLD capsules were inserted at the center of the target and at the OARs. Two film slits for GafchromicEBT film were located on the axial and saggital planes. The user manual contained an IMRT planning guide and instructions for IMRT planning and the delivery process. After the manual and phantom were sent to four institutions, IMRT was planed and delivered. Predicted doses were compared with measured doses. Dose distribution along the two straight lines that intersected at the center of the axial film was measured and compared with the profiles predicted by the plan. Results: The measurements at the target agreed with the predicted dose within a 3% deviation. Doses at the OARs that represented the thyroid glands showed larger deviations (minimum 3.3% and maximum 19.8%). The deviation at OARs that represented the spiral cord was $0.7{\sim}1.4%$. The percentage of dose distributions that showed more than a 5% of deviation on the lines was $7{\sim}27%$ and $7{\sim}14%$ along the horizontal and vertical lines, respectively. Conculsion: Remote monitoring of IMRT using the developed system was feasible. With remote monitoring, the deviation at the target is expected to be small while the deviation at the OARs can be very large. Therefore, a method that is able to investigate the cause of a large deviation needs to be developed. In addition, a more clinically relevant measure for the two-dimensional dose comparison and pass/fail criteria need to be further developed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.80-93
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• 1987

Mass chemotherapy of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Korea was started in 1982 with 40mg/kg body weight single dose administration scheme of praziquantel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of current mass chemotherapy project and compare the epidemiological changes in endemic area of Ckmorchis sinensis. This study was performed at Kimhae-city and Samrangjin-eup of Miryang-gun, Kyongnam province, highly endemic area of C. sinensis located southeastern part of Korea from July to October of 1986. The therapy project of Kimhae area was performed in 1984, whereas that of Samrangjin was done in 1985 by stool examination of the Korea Association for Parasite Eradication(KAPE) and drug administration of local health centre. The results obtained were as follows; 1) As a results of stool examination from 234 specimens obtained in Kimhae area, the infection rate has decreased to 34.2%from 45.6p in 1983, but the infection rate of C. sinensis from 341 specimens obtained in Samrangjin area did not decrease (58.1%in 1986 490%in 1983). 2) The study in Kimhae area showed that the average EPG decreased remarkably from 4,858 to 1,340 and those classified above the category of heavy infection decreased also from 14.0pp to 1.7%. The study in Samrangjin area showed that the average EPG did decrease drastically from 9,597 to 6,498 and those classified above the category of heavy infection did not go down drastically from 25.2% to 14.2%. 3) The study in Kimhae area showed decrease of Cs.$D._{50}$ in comparison to that in 1983, wheareas Cs.$D._{50}$ in Samrangjin area showed no much difference compared to that in 1983. The intensities of endemicity were represented with the regression equation calculated with the cumulative percentages of EPG count. Regression equation was Y=4.49+1.19 log x in Kimhae area and Y=3.66+127 log x in Samrangjin area. 4) The two stage catalytic model was applied and the calculation lead to the equation $Y=5.33(e^{-0.018t}-e^{-0.016t})$ in Kimhae area and $Y=1.25(e^{-0.010t}-e^{-0.018t})$ in Kimhae area and $Y=125(e^{-0.010t}-e^{-0.050t})$ in Samrangjin area 5) The infection rate of cercaria in P.manchouric-us studied in Kimhae area showed 1.25% which is not much different from that in previous years, wheareas the infection rate of metacercaria in P. parva studied in the same area this year showed 2.5-20.2/gm of flesh in comparison to 64/gm of flesh in 1983. 6) Data of C. sinensis infection on the reservoir host in Kimhae area showed 4 out of 18 dogs, 1 out of 18 rats and that in Samrangjin area showed 2 out of 18 dogs respectively. 7) Among the inhabitants who were under mass chemotherapy in Kimhae area, 71out of them, upon stool examination, showed infection rate of 66.2% and those classified above the category of heavy infection, 2.4%. In comparison to infection rate of 33.7% and those classified above the category of heavy infection, which is 1.0%, obtained from those not under mass chemotherapy showed higher infection rate and somewhat equal distribution of intensity of infection. The above statements reflect the fact that individual therapy besides mass chemotherapy was prevalent in that area. 8) On the other side, the studies in Samrangjin area showed infection rate of 68.7% and those above the category of heavy infection, which is 6.1%, in comparison to infection rate of 58.3% and those above the category of heavy infection, which is 16.5%, in those not under mass chemotherapy. the above reflects that although a good deal of inhabit-ants were classified under light or moderate infection category, those above the category of heavy infection, yet, numbered a lot, and individual chemotherapy has not been going on. In conclusion, it was suggested that the number of reinfected inhabitants among those under mass chemotherapy were numerous. Accordingly, the reinforcement of health education should be followed with mass chemotherapy. The facts of high infection rate exemplified by 65% and high number of those above the category of heavy infection in Samrangjin area say that reevaluation of dosage, number of medication and intervals should be necessarily made.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the optimum radiotherapy technique for internal mammary node (IMN) irradiation after breast-conserving surgery. Materials and Methods: We selected ten cases of early stage partial mastectomy for plan comparison. Five of the patients were treated to the right-side breast and the rest of the patients were treated to the left-side breast. For each case, four different treatment plans were made to irradiate the entire breast, IMNs and supraclavicular lymph nodes (SCLs). The four planning techniques include a standard tangential field (STF), wide tangential field (WTF), partially wide tangential field (PWT) and a photon-electron mixed field (PEM). We prescribed a dose of 50.4 Gy to the SCL field at a 3 cm depth and isocenter of the breast field. Results: The dose distribution showed clear characteristics depending on the technique used. All of the techniques covered the breast tissue well. IMN coverage was also good, except for the STF, which was not intended to cover IMNs. For the cases of the left-side breasts, the volume of the heart that received more than 30 Gy was larger (in order) for the WTF, PWT, PEM and STF. For radiation pneumonitis normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), the PWT showed the best results followed by the STF. Conclusion: Despite the variety of patient body shapes, the PWT technique showed the best results for coverage of IMNs and for reducing the lung and heart dose.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate long-term results in terms of failure, survival and voice preservation after radiation therapy for early glottic cancer. Materials and Methods: From February 1988 to December 2003, 70 patients with early glottic cancer were treated with radiation therapy at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. Patient age distribution was from 39 to 79 years, with a median age of 62 years. All patients had squamous cell carcinoma. According to the TNM stage, 58 patients had stage I disease, 12 patients had stage II disease; 67 patients were male. The laryngeal area was irradiated with the use of bilateral opposing fields with/without a wedge filter with 6 MV photons at a total dose of $54{\sim}70.2$ Gy in $1.8{\sim}2.2$ Gy fractions over $6{\sim}8$ weeks. We delivered a median radiation dose of 60 Gy for stage I patients and a median radiation dose of 66 Gy for stage II patients. Salvage surgery was performed in patients with local recurrence. The voice preservation rate was analyzed after all treatments including salvage surgery. Follow-up periods were from 13 to 180 months, with a median follow-up period of 77.5 months. The survival rate was analyzed by the use of the Kaplan Meier method and log rank test. A comparison of two groups was performed with the use of the chi-squared test. Results: The local control rate was 98.5% (69/70). The five-year-overall survival rate was 93.9%. The five-year disease free survival rate (5YDFS) was 84.1% and the 5YDFS after radiation and salvage surgery was 92.8%. According to stage, the 5YDFS was 93.1% and 91.7% for stage I and stage II respectively. Thirteen patients (18.5%) had local failure with 24 months of median time to local failure and nine patients received salvage surgery; however, four patients were lost to follow-up after a diagnosis of recurrence. Only two patients died due to a distant metastasis at 33 months and 71 months after radiation therapy, respectively. Nine patients died due to other diseases with a median time of 73 months. There were no severe acute or chronic complications after radiation therapy. Voice preservation was ultimately achieved in 88.5% (62/70) of patients. Conclusion: We considered that radiation therapy was effective and we achieved excellent survival and voice preservation in early laryngeal cancer. The use of radiation therapy should be the first choice for the treatment of early glottic cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1994

The present study was aimed at establishing what changes occur in the dopamine levels and pattern of TH-immunoreactive neurons of certain areas of rat brain during food intake suppression produced by intraperitoneally administration of CCK-8. CCK-8 in dose of $10\;{\mu}g/kg$ was injected intraperitoneally to 48 h food-deprived rats. In the fasted group, the contents of dopamine were decreased in the frontal, striatum, hypothalamus and amygdala as compared to those of the fed control group. The administration of CCK-8 showed significant decrease on the dopamine levels of the hypothalamus, in comparison to those of the sated and starved group. During deprived condition, the density and number of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence and substantia nigra were lower than those of the fed control group. After administration of CCK-8, the pattern and distribution of TH-positive neouons in the hypothalamic areas and substantia nigra were increased when compared to those of the starved group. It is concluded that the results demonstrate the partial involvement of hypothalamic dopamine-containing neurons in the feeding inhibition of CCK-8. Furthermore, the results indicate that TH-immunoreactive neurons play on important role in the hypothalamus and substantia nigra for eating behavior

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-158
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalent characteristics of fowl typhoid (FT) of chicken caused by Salmonella gallinarum in Korea. The occurrence of FT for 7 years from 1995 to 2001 in Korea was analyzed. The incidence of FT outbreaks was 10.3% of the total outbreaks of avian infectious disease cases diagnosed at National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) from 1995 to 2001. When the outbreaks of H cases was analyzed in relation to the chicken breeds, the incidence of FT in commercial layers, commercial broilers, egg-type breeders, and meat-type breeders was 71.4%, 25.0%, 0.2% and 3.4%, respectively. Especially, the incidence in layers fell 25.8~27.6% in 2000 and 2001 from 1999, on the other hand, the amount of FT vaccines assayed at NVRQS for use in layers only jumped to 57,881.5$\times$1,000 dose in 2001, an increase of 4 times from the previous year. In the analysis of the seasonal distribution, it was found the incidence was high in summer (38.5%) and fall (33.9%). Also, the age comparison analysis showed that the rate of FT outbreaks in layers was highest (45.6%) between 10 to 30 weeks. However, in broilers, the highest percentage (61.6%) was shown at the age of below 2 weeks.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.361-368
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• 2018

N-nitrosamines are probable or possible human carcinogens, which are produced by the reaction between secondary amines and nitrogen oxide in the acidic environment or by heating. Common risk assessment procedure involves the comparison between exposures expressed in the unit, mg/kg body weight/day and the Health-Based Reference dose expressed in the same unit. This procedure is suitable for the policy decision-making and is considered as inappropriate for the consumers to get information about their dietary decision-making. Therefore, the distributions of NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine), NDBA (N-nitrosodibutylamine), the six N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDBA, NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), NPYR (N-nitrosopyrrolidine), NPIP (N-nitrosopiperidine), and NMOR (N-nitrosomorpholine) in the menus grouped based on the presence of main ingredients and cooking methods were analyzed to generate consumer-friendly information regarding food contaminants. Recipes and intakes were taken from 2014 to 2016 KNHANES (The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and only the data from ages of 7 years or older were used. The contamination data were collected from the 2014~2016 Total Diet Study and all the analysis were performed using R software. Rockfish, eel, anchovy broth and pollock were mainly exposed to N-nitrosamines. In terms of cooking methods, soups and stews appeared to contain the highest amount of N-nitrosamines. Cereals, fruits, and dairy products in the ingredient categories, and rice dishes and rice combined with others in recipe categories had the lowest level exposure to N-nitrosamines. In case of N-nitrosamines, unlike other cooking related food contaminants, boiled dishes such as soups and stews and dishes mainly consisting of fishes and shellfishes had highest level of exposure, showing a large discrepancy with the previous thought of processed meat is the main source of N-nitrosamines.