• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-194
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• 2002

The nursing vocalization of domestic pigs(Landrace$\times$Yorkshire) was investigated with respect to common features. All vocalizations uttered during nursings in 5 sows at 5 days after farrowing were recorded and 305 grunts were processed in a spectrograph. The sow's repeated grunting during nursing can be regarded as a contact call and a signal of the mother to start and synchronize the suckling behavior of the piglets. Analysis in the time domain revealed the gross structure of the call, whereas in the frequency domain the fine structure of single grunts was investigated. Nursing interval, duration of nursing behavior, duration of grunt, grunt rate per 10 seconds, fundamental frequency, 1 formant, 2 formant, 3 formant, 4 formant and spectrum were investigated. The results showed that mean interval between the nursing following one another was 25, 4.6 min and duration of nursing behavior was 3.2 $\pm$ 0.7 min. Average duration of grunt was 203.9 $\pm$ 63.6 ms. The formant contours could be identified. The nursing behavior might be disturbed by the grunts of alien sow.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.81.1-81.9
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• 2021

Background: Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, 4, and 5 (porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus - PLHV-1, -2, and -3) are viruses that infect domestic and feral pigs. Objectives: This study examined the presence of PLHV DNA in biological samples from free-living wild boars circulating in a Brazilian geographical region with a high density of commercial domestic pigs. Methods: Lung samples of 50 free-living wild boars were collected by exotic wildlife controller agents between 2017 and 2019 in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Lung and spleen fragments were obtained from six fetuses collected by hysterectomy post mortem from a pregnant sow. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using consensus primers (pan-herpesviruses) was performed to detect PLHV DNA. The samples showing positive results for PLHV DNA were submitted to single-round PCR assays with the specific primers for identifying PLHV-1 (213-S/215-As), PLHV-2 (208-S/212-As), and PLHV-3 (886s/886As). The specificity of the species-specific PCR products was assessed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. Results: Forty-eight (96%) of the 50 lung samples analyzed were positive for PLHV by PCR using pan-herpesvirus primers. In 33 (68.75%) of the positive samples, at least two PLHV species were identified simultaneously. The DNA of PLHV-1, -2, and -3 was found in free-living wild boars of all ages, but not in the fetuses, even though they were from a sow that tested positive for all three viruses. Conclusion: These viruses are endemic to the population of feral pigs in the Brazilian region evaluated, as well as in domesticated pigs.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2021

Because sows are industrially vital for swine production, monitoring for their health or disorder status is important to ensure high reproductive performance. Especially, ambient temperature changes in different season, especially during summer, are directly influenced to the reproductive performance of sows. Although the serum biochemical parameters are widely applied in the veterinary medicine with wide ranges for the physiological process, the values are also influenced by several factors such as age, breed, gender, and stress. In addition, domestic sows in Korea-specific reference interval (RI) for serum biochemistry has not been established yet. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate seasonal variation of RIs in the serum biochemistry in domestic sows in Korea at different seasons and to establish normal RIs using a RI finding program (Reference Value Advisor). Significant difference (p < 0.05) on the different seasons were identified in several serum biochemical parameters including BUN, CRE, GGT, GLU, ALB, TP, LDH and Na in sows. Therefore, we further established RIs, specific in domestic sows in Korea regardless of season. The established RIs based on the serum biochemical values provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in the domestic sows in Korea, regardless of seasonal effect. It may contribute to develop a strategy for better reproductive performance by improving breeding management practice and evaluating health of pig herds, which facilitate to avert the economic loss in summer infertility in sows.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2004

The studies were performed for the PRRS antigen and antibody detection from breeding farms, artificial insemination(AI) center and growing farms in Jeonbuk province. 1. Specific PRRS primers were successfully amplified ORF6 617bp and ORF7 448 bp on agarose gel. 2. RT-PCR method has been establish by commercial kit and the thermal cycler program consisted of 30 cycles: $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec, $45^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec, and $72^{\circ}C$ for 45 sec. 3. The results of PRRS antibody test by ELISA method in AI centers were $6.6\%,\;53.3\%$ and breeding farms $65\%,\;65\%\;and\;38.7\%$, respectively. The serological positive of the antibody in gilt higher than sow. 4. The sero-positive of the PRRS antibody showed average $21\%$ in domestic farms, $56.2\%$ in breeding farms, and $29.9\%$ in AI center.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.36.1-36.5
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• 2016

Background: Liquid feeding system has been introduced to domestic swine farms, but negative cognition about liquid feeding system has been remained for feed waste decay related with poor management and microbial contamination. For these reasons, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding method in lactating sows. Methods: A total of 30 mixed-parity (average 4.13) lactating sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with an initial BW of $218.8{\pm}19.5kg$ was used in a 3 week trial. Sows were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design by their body weight, backfat thickness, parity and alive litter weight. One of treatments was dry feeding and the other was liquid feeding (water to feed ratio, 1:1). Experimental diets contained 3265 kcal ME/kg, 12.6 % CP, 5.76 % EE, 1.09 % total lysine, 0.25 % total methionine, as fed basis. Results: Dry feeding treatment had high body weight loss rather than liquid feeding treatment (P = 0.04). Dry feeding treatment had tendency to increase litter weight at 21d of lactation (P = 0.06) and litter weight gain (P = 0.04) during lactation period (0-3 week). Sows fed dry feeding method made milk containing high content of casein and total solid rather than sows fed liquid feeding method (P = 0.04). In addition, dry feeding treatment had tendency to higher content of milk fat, protein and solid not fat on 21d of lactation (P = 0.07). Sows fed dry feeding type also showed higher milk energy content in milk of 21d lactation (P = 0.05). Furthermore, liquid feeding treatment showed high occurrence in feed waste during lactation period (P <0.01). Conclusion: Dry feeding method was more suitable feeding method to lactating sows under high temperature environment like lactating barn.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2010

본 연구는 돼지고기 원산지 식별에 활용될 수 있는 최적의 SNP marker set을 개발 및 확립하기 위해 수행되었다. 선발된 51개의 SNP marker들의 효율성, 다형성 및 독립성 검증을 실시하였으며 51개의 SNP marker set은 MassARRAY method에 의해서 Multiplex-PCR panel 4개로 디자인 되었으며, 농장별, 생산조합별, 모돈별, 웅돈별로 효과적으로 고유 유전자형 지문분석이 가능하게 제작되었고, 다른형태의 SNP 유전자형 분석 플랫폼에 적용될 수 있는 적절한 마커 갯수이다. 또한 51개의 SNP marker set을 적용하여 모의 실험 및 친자감별확율을 계산하였을 때 무작위 교배 집단(PI), 반형매 교배집단($PI_{half-sib}$)과 전형매 교배집단($PI_{sibs}$)을 통해 모의 실험을 한 결과 $5.63{\times}10^{-33}$, $4.35{\times}10^{-15}$ 그리고 $1.32{\times}10^{-15}$로 분석되었으며 친자확인률에서도 모두 100%에 가까운 확률값을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 SNP marker set을 이용하여 돈육제품의 원산지를 추적에 이용한다면 개별돼지의 고유한 DNA 지문 정보를 생성할 뿐만 아니라, 이를 통하여 모돈과 웅돈을 식별하여 농장원산지를 확인이 가능 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 국내산 돼지의 생산에서부터 돈육제품으로의 소비까지 이력추적이 가능한 도구로 제공 될 것이다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2021

Although many swine farms continuously vaccinated to sow to prevent Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED), PED has occurred annually in swine herds in Jeonbuk province, Korea. In the present study, the small intestine and feces samples from 17 farms where severe watery diarrhea and death of newborn piglets occurred in 2019 were collected, amplified by RT-PCR and determined the complete nucleotide sequences of the spike (S) glycoprotein genes of nine Jeonbuk PEDV isolates. The spike (S) glycoprotein is an important determinant for molecular characterization and genetic relationship of PEDV. These nine complete S gene isolates were compared with other PEDV reference strains to identify the molecular diversity, phylogenetic relationships and antigenicity analysis. 9 field strains share 98.5~100% homologies with each other at the nucleotide sequence level and 97.3~100% homologies with each other at the amino acid level. The nine Jeonbuk PEDV isolates were classified into G2b group including a genetic specific signal, S-indels (insertion and deletion of S gene). In addition, comparisons the neutralizing epitopes of S gene between 9 field strains and domestic vaccine strains of Korea mutated 12-15 amino acids with SM-98-1 (G1a group) and mutated 0-3 amino acids with QIAP1401 (G2b group). Therefore, the development of G2b-based live vaccines will have to be expedited to ensure effective prevention of endemic PED in Korea. In addition, we will need to be prepared with periodic updates of preventive vaccines based on the PEDV variants for the re-emergence of a virulent strain.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1850-1859
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• 2022

Objective: The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is the most accurate and reliable technique for analysis of gene expression. Endogenous reference genes (RGs) have been used to normalize qPCR data, although their expression may vary in different tissues and experimental conditions. Verification of the stability of RGs in selected samples is a prerequisite for reliable results. Therefore, we attempted to identify the most stable RGs in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in sows. Methods: The cycle threshold values of nine commonly used RGs (18S, HPRT1, GAPDH, RPL4, PPIA, B2M, YWHAZ, ACTB, and SDHA) from HPG axis-related tissues in the domestic sows in the different stages of estrus cycle were analyzed using two RG-finding programs, geNorm and Normfinder, to rank the stability of the pool of RGs. In addition, the effect of the most and least stable RGs was examined by normalization of the target gene, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), in the hypothalamus. Results: PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ were the most stable RGs in the HPG axis-related tissues in sows regardless of the stages of estrus cycle. In contrast, traditional RGs, including 18S and ACTB, were found to be the least stable under these experimental conditions. In particular, in the normalization of GnRH expression in the hypothalamus against several stable RGs, PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ, could generate significant (p<0.05) elevation of GnRH in the preovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase, but the traditional RGs with the least stability (18S and ACTB) did not show a significant difference between groups. Conclusion: These results indicate the importance of verifying RG stability prior to commencing research and may contribute to experimental design in the field of animal reproductive physiology as reference data.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2022

이탈리안 라이그라스의 국내 종자 생산 가능성을 조사하기 위해 남부지방에서 가을철에 파종하여 이듬해 봄에 수확하여 종자 및 짚의 생산성과 품질을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 이탈리안 라이그라스(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) '그린콜' 품종을 2020년 가을에 경남 진주지역에 파종 하였다. 처리는 3처리의 파종량(20 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha, 및 40 kg/ha)을 두고 난괴법 3반복으로 수행하였다. 시험구의 파종은 2020년 10월 17일에 하였으며 수확은 출수일로부터 약 60일째인 5월 31일에 하였다. 출수기는 4월 28일로 처리 간에 차이는 없었다. 초장은 40 kg/ha 파종량 처리구에서 유의적으로 짧았고 나머지 처리는 차이가 없었다. 내도복, 내병성 및 내한성은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이삭의 길이 및 이삭당 종자수는 20 kg/ha 파종량에서 가장 높았으며 나머지 처리는 차이가 없었다. 종자 수량은 20 kg/ha 파종량 구에서 1,956 kg/ha로 가장 많았으며 30 및 40 kg/ha 파종량에서는 차이가 없었다. 종자 및 짚의 건물함량은 평균 45.60% 및 41.83%으로 나타났으며 처리간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 채종 후 남은 짚의 수량은 건물기준 평균 7,689 kg/ha로 나타났으며 40 kg/ha 파종량구에서 높게 나타났으나 처리간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 남부지역에서 가을 파종을 통한 이탈리안 라이그라스 종자생산 시 20 kg/ha로 파종하는 것이 가장 유리한 것으로 나타났다.