• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Objectives To evaluate Shinbaro Pharmacopuncture safety through analysis of potential single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Sinbaro Pharmacopucture in SD rats and Beagle dogs. Methods Single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Shinbaro Pharmacopuncture was assessed in accordance with Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for toxicity testing of Medicinal Products. The SD rats were treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0, 4.6, 9.2, and 18.5 mg/kg, respectively. The Beagle dogs were treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro Pharmacopuncture at doses of 2.3, and 4.6 mg/kg, respectively, and after 3 days, the procedure was repeated a second time at doses of 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg, respectively, for toxicity testing. Mortality, change in body weight, and necropsy findings were examined for the study period. Results There were no mortalities, general symptoms, or body weight changes in the SD rats. While pyelectasis of the left kidney was observed in a male rat in the 4.6 mg/kg administration group, natural occurrence is common, and does not appear to be related with the test substance. No mortalities were observed in the Beagle dogs. In assessment of general symptoms, a female dog in the 9.2 mg/kg group displayed body weight decrease due to leftover food, but the change in body weight was within the normal range seen at 6~7 months, and the necropsy findings were not significant. The toxicity of the test substance appears to be minimal. Conclusions The results suggest that the lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethaldose (ALD) value in single intramuscular administration of Shinbaro Pharmacopuncture in SD rats and Beagle dogs are higher than 18.5 mg/kg.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2005

보체의존성 세포독성반응(CDC)을 이용한 DLA class I교차 반응의 실험방법을 정립함으로써 개의 동종 신장이식 후 초기에 발생되는 초급성 거부반응을 억제하는데 응용하고자 븐 실험을 실시하였다. 체중(약 5kg)과 연령(약 1년령)이 유사한 잡종견을 대상으로 적혈구 교차 반응을 실시하여 상호 음성인 7마리를 실험에 사용하였다. 혈액형이 동일한 개체를 대상으로 CDC검사를 실시하였으며, Anti-dog serum, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), 그리고 자가 혈청을 각각 양성 음성 그리고 자가 대조 혈청으로 이용하였다. Class I보체와 반응시킨 후 에오신으로 염색하여 고정한 다음 위상차 현미경 100배율에서 조사하였다. 국제 Cytotoxicity scoring system에 의하려 죽은 세포가 $20\%$ 이상이면 양성으로 평가하였다. CDC 결과 동일 혈액형 군에서 상호 음성이 나온 경우를 대상으로 상호 동종이식을 실시하여 초급성 거부반응의 발생 정도를 평가하였다. 혈액형이 1.2 B인 4두 중 1두는 자가항체를 가지고 있었다. CDC 결과 동일 혈액형 군에서 각각 1쌍이 상호 음성을 나타내었고, 혈액형이 다른 1쌍에서도 상호 음성이 관찰되었다. 혈액형이 동일하고 CDC음성인 2쌍 4두를 대상으로 상호 신장 이식을 한 결과 4마리 모두 초급성 거부반응이 나타나지 않았다. 이 실험에서 확립한 DLA교차 방법은 동종 이식에서 초급성 거부반응을 억제하는데 효과적인 방법이며, 향후 개의 동종 장기 이식에서 조직적합성 평가를 위해 응용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1971

The excretion of uric acid in man has been of great interest because of its importance as an end product in purine metabolism as well as of its role in causing gout. There are many differences in the modes of renal handling of urate among various species of animals. Uric acid actively secreted by the renal tubules of most vertebrate including amphibians, reptiles, and birds. On the other hand, in most mammals net tubular reabsorption of urate appears to be occurred with some exception, such, as Dalmatian dog. In the rabbits, however, the mechanism of renal excretion of uric acid has long been a subject of controversial results. Within a given group it was possible to find individuals with either net secretion or net reabsorption of urate depend on the experimental conditions. Excretion of urate can be depressed or enhanced by a variety of drugs belonging mainly to the aromatic acid group. Diodrast, probenecid, cinchophen and salicylates have been reported as uricosuric agents, on the other hand, lactate, benzoate, pyrazinoic acid, acetazolamide and chlorothiazide are known to be contraindicated to use for the patient with gout since these agents depress the excretion of uric acid from the kidney. However, complex and sometimes the paradoxical effects on the urate excretion by those above mentioned drugs are not uncommon. The experiments were designed to investigate the mechanisms of renal handling of urate as well as the effects of variety of drugs on the tubular transport of uric acid in the rabbits. Male or female white rabbits, from 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight, were used. The experimental methods used in these studies were clearance, stop-flow, and retrograde injection techniques. The effects of saline, salicylate, chlorothiazide and probenecid were investigated in each experimental conditions. Results of the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. In the rabbits, the rate of urate clearance was always lower than the rate of inulin clearance. The filtration fraction of the urate was one third on an average, therefore, it is estimated that approximately two thirds of filtered urate was reabsorbed. 2. In the kidneys of rabbits, the urate clearance was increased significantly by administration of chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid. The administration of salicylate had no effect on the rate of urate clearance. The filtration fraction of urate was increased by chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid. 3. In the stop-flow studies, the U/P ratio of urate was higher than the U/P ratio of inulin in the proximal region, indicating the secretion of uric acid in the proximal tubules. The proximal peak was increased by chlorothiazide and inhibited by probenecid.4. In the retrograde injection studies, the reabsorption of urate in the proximal region was observed, and these reabsorptive transport of urate was depressed by either probenecid or by chlorothiazide. 5. No distal tubular activity was observed under any of these experimental conditions concerning urate transport. The results of these experiments show that probenecid inhibits both secretory and reabsorptive transport of uric acid in the kidney of the rabbits. The enhancement of secretory transport of urate by chlorothiazide in the clearance study was due to the secondary action of chlorothiazide which inhibits the reabsorptive transport of urate in the proximal tubules. It is evident that the urate transport in the kidneys of rabbits is bidirectional nondiffusive flux both secretory and reabsorptive directions in the proximal tubules.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.743-748
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the molecular characteristics of the horse vascular endothelial growth factor alpha gene ($VEGF{\alpha}$) by constructing a phylogenetic tree, and to investigate gene expression profiles in tissues and blood leukocytes after exercise for development of suitable biomarkers. Using published amino acid sequences of other vertebrate species (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, cow, pig, chicken and dog), we constructed a phylogenetic tree which showed that equine $VEGF{\alpha}$ belonged to the same clade of the pig $VEGF{\alpha}$. Analysis for synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous substitution ratios (Ka) revealed that the horse $VEGF{\alpha}$ underwent positive selection. RNA was extracted from blood samples before and after exercise and different tissue samples of three horses. Expression analyses using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed ubiquitous expression of $VEGF{\alpha}$ mRNA in skeletal muscle, kidney, thyroid, lung, appendix, colon, spinal cord, and heart tissues. Analysis of differential expression of $VEGF{\alpha}$ gene in blood leukocytes after exercise indicated a unimodal pattern. These results will be useful in developing biomarkers that can predict the recovery capacity of racing horses.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2002

Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larva of toxocara canis or cati. It is one of the most commonly reported zoonotic helminth infection in the world. Human are infected mainly by the accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs due to the pica, geophagia, the consumption of contaminated raw vegetables and poor personal hygiene particularly in childhood. In adults, the consumption of raw meat from potential paratenic hosts e.g. chickens, lambs, rabbits and dogs is a major cause of human toxocariasis. The larva can reach various organs such as the liver, lung, brain, and eye by the hematogenous spread and cause visceral larva migrans. We experience a case of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia by visceral larva migrans after eating the raw liver and kidney of a dog.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.43-61
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to analyse single dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV) extracted from the bee venom in Beagle dogs. Methods : All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female Beagle dogs of 5-6 months old were chosen for the pilot study of single dose toxicity of Sweet BV which was administered at the level of 9.0 mg/kg body weight which is 1300 times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage, followed by 3.0 and 1.0 mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of excipient(normal saline) to the Sweet BV experiment groups was administered as the control group. Results : 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. Hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of administration in all the experiment groups, and higher occurrence in the higher dosage treatment. 3. For weight measurement, Neither male nor female groups showed significant changes. 4. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, thigh muscle which treated with Sweet BV, brain, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and histologocal observation using H-E staining was conducted. In the histologocal observation of thigh muscle, cell infiltration, inflammation, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fiber, and fibrosis were found in both thigh tissue. And the changes depend on the dose of Sweet BV. But the other organs did not showed in any abnormality. 5. The maximum dose of Sweet BV in Beagle dogs were over 9 mg/kg in this study. Conclusions : The above findings of this study suggest that Sweet BV is a relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the toxicity of Sweet BV should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2018

A 9-month-old, castrated, male Labrador Retriever was referred for generalized progressing cutaneous reddish mass lesions with bleeding, scale, crust, and pruritus. On the basis of histopathological findings and the results of immunochemical staining, cutaneous nonepitheliotropic B-cell lymphoma was identified. A cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-vincristine-prednisolone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy regimen was initiated, and the patient initially showed partial response to vincristine and $\text\tiny{L}$-asparaginase, but the cutaneous lesions progressed gradually. After the first cycle of the CHOP-based protocol, lomustine was administered instead. The cutaneous lesions showed partial response to lomustine, but the treatment did not stop the progression of cutaneous lymphoma. The patient was euthanized due to neurologic signs, including reduced consciousness and seizures, 53 days after initial presentation. The postmortem histopathological examination showed systemic metastasis involving the lymph nodes, skin, kidney, ureter, liver, brain, temporal muscle, diaphragmatic muscle, conjunctiva, and oral cavity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.686-690
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• 2015

The adrenergic receptor beta 2 (ADRB2) plays a role in various physiological responses of the muscle to exercise, such as contraction and relaxation. Given its important role in muscle function, we investigated the structure of the horse ADRB2 gene and its expression pattern after exercise to determine if it can serve as a putative biomarker for recovery. Evolutionary analyses using synonymous and non-synonymous mutation ratios, were compared with other species (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, cow, pig, chicken, dog, and cat), and revealed the occurrence of positive selection in the horse ADRB2 gene. In addition, expression analyses by quantitative polymerase chain reaction exhibited ubiquitous distribution of horse ADRB2 in various tissues including lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, thyroid, appendix, colon, spinal cord and heart, with the highest expression observed in the lung. The expression of ADRB2 in skeletal muscle was significantly up-regulated about four folds 30 minutes post-exercise compared to pre-exercise. The expression level of ADRB2 in leukocytes, which could be collected with convenience compared with other tissues in horse, increased until 60 min after exercise but decreased afterward until 120 min, suggesting the ADRB2 expression levels in leukocytes could be a useful biomarker to check the early recovery status of horse after exercise. In conclusion, we identified horse ADRB2 gene and analyzed expression profiles in various tissues. Additionally, analysis of ADBR2 gene expression in leukocytes could be a useful biomarker useful for evaluation of early recovery status after exercise in racing horses.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.102-104
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 개의 경혈에 관한 조직학적 소견을 관찰하는 것이다. 개(4마리)에서 내관(PC06), 간유(BL18), 신유(BL23) 및 방광유(BL28)에 1 cm 깊이로 자침을 실시하고, 경혈주위의 조직을 관찰하였다. 각 경혈의 주위조직을 현미경학적으로 관찰하였다. 신경섬유, 소혈관, 및 근방추체들은 인근 지점에서의 비경혈, 또는 피부, 피하조직 및 근육과 같은 부위에서의 비경혈에서도 가끔 발견 되지만, 모든 예의 침의 선단 주위에서 신경섬유, 소혈관, 및 근방추체가 발견되었다. 따라서, 신경섬유, 소혈관 및 근 방추체는 잠재성 경혈 수용체일수도 있다는 가능성이 제시된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.832-837
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• 1999

lntrarenal resistive index (RI) was determined in normal, sedated and diuretic kidneys. The mean RI values of normal dogs were $0.64{\pm}0.03$ without statistically significant difference between left and right kidney. Interrenal RI difference (${\Delta}RI$) was $0.03{\pm}0.01$. No significant relationship was found between mean intrarenal RI versus body weight. The mean intrarenal RI values after administration of acepromazine, xylazine, thiopental, and ketamine were $0.66{\pm}0.03$, $0.64{\pm}0.03$, $0.56{\pm}0.05$, and $0.50{\pm}0.05$, respectively. After administration of acepromazine or xylazine, a significant change of the RI was not found. But, a significant decrease of the RI following thiopental or ketamine administration could be observed as compared with the normal RI. The mean intrarenal RI values were $0.63{\pm}0.06$ and $0.62{\pm}0.04$ at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after injection of furosemide, respectively. No significant change of intrarenal RI was found after administration of furosemide. But, mannitol significantly decreased mean intrarenal RI to $0.57{\pm}0.02$ and $0.58{\pm}0.03$ at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. Based on the obtained results, values of 0.72 and 0.05 may be proposed as the reasonable upper limits of RI and ${\Delta}RI$ of normal average. Acepromazine or xylazine are recommended as anesthetics for renal diseases because they have less effect on the RI. Further study using mannitol injection to increase ${\Delta}RI$ may be suggested in unilateral urinary tract obstruction since mannitol more effectively changed mean RI than furosemide.