• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to provide harmonized guidelines on health and environmental classification criteria and its results of chemicals in Korea. Methods: Firstly, The history of GHS implementation in UN and Korea was reviewed. Secondly, the differences in classification criteria on health and environmental hazards among UN GHS and two Korean government agencies, Korea Ministry of Employment and Labour (KMoEL) and Korea Ministry of Environmental (KMoE). The classification results were compared between classifications of Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) based on KMoEL and classifications of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research (KNIER) based on KMoE. Finally, an inter-agency harmonization on the classification criteria and the results was suggested by comparing the classification results of 5 chemicals; Benzene, carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, and trichloroethylene. Results: KMoEL and KMoE revised regulations on chemical management and published a Notices on GHS classification criteria according to UN GHS document. However, the hazard to the ozone layer contained in the latest edition of UN GHS document published in 2011 was not included yet. The differences in classifications of 5 chemicals between KOSHA and KNIER were 36.2% in health hazards and 23.4% in environmental hazards, respectively. In conclusion, we suggested that a new revision be needed to include newly contained hazard and inter-agency working party be organized to harmonize classification results.

• Annals of Clinical Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.69-74
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• 2018

Laboratory medicine is a specialized division that supports physicians in the care of patients by providing rapid and accurate in vitro diagnostic tests. Standardization of every component of a specific test is essential for producing accurate results. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was founded to develop a formal consensus process for standardization in 1968, and has been publishing standards and guidelines covering all aspects of clinical, research, and other laboratory work. CLSI guidelines are widely used around the world for standardization. The CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility testing subcommittee (AST SC) consists of 6 standing and many ad hoc working groups. Members of the AST SC review submitted proposals and suggestions, decide on approving these submissions in face-to-face meetings held twice a year, and revise CLSI documents accordingly. As these face-to-face meetings are open to anyone who registers to attend, I strongly encourage the members of our Society to attend and actively participate in document development.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.105-134
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• 2002

In the Spring of 2000, the Banking Commission of the ICC decided to appoint a working group to draft a supplement to the UCP 500 to clarify the position regarding electronic presentation under a documentary credit. Provisions was drafted to supplement its existing rules for documentary credit, that is, UCP 500. These new provisions known as Supplement to UCP 500 for Electronic Presentation was approved by the ICC Banking Commission at the beginning of November 2001 and came in force as of 1 April 2002 The eUCP covers matters such as definitions of key terms such as electronic record, electronic signature, format, paper document, received. An eUCP Credit must specify the formats in which electronic records are to be presented and if not, electronic records may be presented in any format. Electronic records may be presented separately and need not be presented at the same time. The purpose of this paper is to understand the main substance of eUCP and to facilitate the introduction of electronic letter of credit by studying the problems and revision of eUCP and new electronic UCP. The main substances of eUCP are electronic address as place for presentation of electronic records, flexibility of the formats of electronic records to be presented, endowment of the notice of completeness of presentation to the beneficiary, one electronic record satisfying one or more originals or copies of an electronic record, the electronic records to be examined including the electronic record at the hyperlink to an external system or the referenced system, no remark as to the time period for the examination of documents. The Roles of eUCP are the Promotion of the Electronic Trade, the Supply of Basis on the Uniform Rules for Electronic Letter of Credit, the introduction of Electronic Trade Model. The characteristics of eUCP are a supplement to the UCP, no address of any issues relating to the issuance or advice of Credit electronically, independence of specific technologies and developing electronic commerce system, that is, Bolero Service. The Problems of eUCP are flexibility of format of electronic record, heavy burden on the side of banks, and the problems regrading the number of presentation, the notice of completeness of presentation, no provision in regard to the time to examine the electronic records, and representation of the electronic records. In the revision of eUCP to resolve the problems, the things to be taken into consideration are as follows; the designation of the format allowing the banks to examine electronically, prohibition of the paper documents, the development of the system receiving the electronic records, the addition of the reception notice on the side of the banks, the setting of the time to examine the electronic records, the construction of the backup system or the dual processing system.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to identify and understand the complications of RTSA and to review the current methods of preventing and treating this malady. Materials and Methods: Previous constrained prostheses (ball-and-socket or reverse ball-and-socket designs) have failed because their center of rotation remained lateral to the scapula, which has limited of the motion of the prostheses and produced excessive torque on the glenoid component, and this leads to early loosening. The Grammont reverse prosthesis imposes a new biomechanical environment for the deltoid muscle to act, thus allowing it to compensate for the deficient rotator cuff muscles. Results: The clinical experience does live up to the lofty biomechanical concept and expectations: the reverse prosthesis restores active elevation above $90^{\circ}$ in patients with a cuff-deficient shoulder. However, external rotation often remains limited and particularly in patients with an absent or fat-infiltrated teres minor. Internal rotation is also rarely restored after a reverse prosthesis. Failure to restore sufficient tension in the deltoid may result in prosthetic instability. Conclusion: Finally, surgeons must be aware that the results are less predictable and the complication/revision rates are higher in revision surgery than that in the first surgery. A standardized monitoring tool that has clear definitions and assessment instructions is surely needed to document and then prevent complications after revision surgery.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-34
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• 2002

This study investigated the copyright problems in the course of distance teaming. The Copyright Act of Korea is built to protect the rights of authors and the rights neighboring on them and to promote fair use of works in order to contribute to the improvement and development of culture. However, for efficient use of library's materials for distance education, some articles in the Copyright Act of Korea is needed to be changed. We suggested the revision in the article 23 “Reproduction for the Purpose of School Education” and the article 28 “Reproduction in Libraries, etc”.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.51-72
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• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce introduced in September 1999 its new publication Incoterms 2000(ICC Publication No 560). The ICC was building on the past experiences in its revision works. I have discussed and commented constructively some main features and problems of the new set of terms. Incoterms 2000 takes into account, like already its predecessor did, the possibility that the parties may decide to communicate electronically and replace a paper transport document by an equivalent electronic data interchange message. This possibility will certainly be much more used under the present set of terms. Incoterms 2000 is well recognised by the international legal community, taking into account also the endorsements by UNCITRAL to its predecessor in the early 90's. Incoterms 2000 does not have major competitors remaining. However, the ICC still faces a battle to convince more traders to refer to its terms and to teach traders to understand and to apply them correctly. Incoterms 2000 is a tool for international trade created by a global business organisation. Its members decide every day if and to what extent they make use of this tool. The members of the ICC have participated actively in the drafting and commenting of Incoterms 2000 and thereby shown again a great deal of dynamism in creating rules for their own everyday use. Under these circumstances, "ship's rail approach" related to delivery point, risks and costs should be replaced by "on board approach" under FOB, CFR and CIF terms.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.131-154
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• 2014

The International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under UCP 600 (ISBP 745) is the product by the Drafting Group of the ICC Banking Commission during a number of years. ISBP 745 is a practical complement to UCP 600, ICC's universally used rules on documentary credits. ISBP 745 does not amend UCP 600. Two rules should be read in their entirety and not in isolation. ISBP 745 explains, in explicit detail, how the UCP 600 rules are to be applied on a day-to-day basis. It fills a needed gap between the general principles announced in UCP 600 and the daily work of the documentary credit practitioners. It has developed into an invaluable aid to banks, corporates, logistics and insurance companies alike, on a global basis. By using ISBP 745, document checkers can bring their practices in line with those followed by their colleagues worldwide. The result should be a significant reduction in the number of shipping documents refused for discrepancies on first presentation. This study aims to summarize the reasons for revision of the ISBP rules and the key-points of ISBP 745, and to provide the documentary credit practitioners with some considerations under its practical application.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1372-1380
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 자연언어 문장의 객관적 정량적인 질 측정 방법의 구축에 대해 설명하고, 이를 문장 퇴고 시스템의 사례에 적용해 본다. 문장의 질을 평가한다는 것은 본질적으로 주관적이고 정량화가 어려운 작업이기 때문에, 이 과정에서 질의 객관적 계량화가 가능한지 여부가 가장 중요한 문제가 된다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 유전자 알고리즘을 이용한 진화적 접근 방법을 통해 객관적이고 정량적인 질의 측정 공식을 유도하는 방법론을 제시하였다. 이 논문에서 제시한 방법론의 핵심은 간단히 말해서 사람이 행하는 정성적인 판단을, 이에 가장 근접하는 정량적 측정 체계로 전환시키는 것이라고 보면 된다. 이것을 위해 정량화 문제를 문장의 단순 언어 특징들의 변화값을 이용한 최적화 문제로 환원시키고, 다시 이 최적화 문제를 유전자 알고리즘을 이용해 해결함으로써 문제를 효과적으로 해결할 수 있었다. 실험 결과를 보면, 본 논문에서 제시한 최적화 방법은 주어진 훈련용 예제와 검증용 예제 중 각각 99.84%, 99.88%를 만족시키는 해를 찾아내었으므로 정량적 질 평가 공식의 유도에 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 도출된 측정 공식을 이용해서 실제 퇴고 시스템 평가에 적용한 결과 문장 질의 측정에 매우 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같이 질의 정량적 평가가 가능하다는 사실이 갖는 또 한가지 중요한 의미는 최종 사용자의 구매 의사나 개발자의 공학적 의사 결정을 위한 객관적 성능 평가 자료의 제공에 이 방법이 유용하게 사용될 수 있다는 점이다.Abstract This paper describes a method of building a quantitative measure of the quality of natural language sentences, particularly produced by document revision systems. Evaluating the quality of natural language sentences is intrinsically subjective, so what is most important as to the evaluation is whether the quality can be measured objectively. To solve such problem of objective measurability, genetic algorithm, an evolutionary learning method, is employed in this paper. The underlying standpoint of this approach is that building the quality measures is a task of constructing a formulae that produces as close results as can to the qualitative decisions made by humans. For doing this, the problem of measurability has been simply reduced to an optimization problem using the change of the values of simple linguistic parameters found in sentences, and the reduced problem has been solved effectively by the genetic algorithm. Experimental result shows that the optimization task satisfied 99.84% and 99.88% of the given objectives for training and validation samples, respectively, which means the method is quite effective in constructing the quantitative measure of the quality of natural language sentences. The actual evaluation result of a revision system shows that the measure is useful to quantize the quality of sentences. Another important contribution of this measure would be to provide an objective performance evaluation data of natural language systems on a basis of which end-users and developers can make their decision to fit their own needs.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.241-265
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Banks's Examination of Documents in the L/C Transactions. Most of all, this article deals with one of most important aspects of the law on documentary credits, namely, the compliance of documents presented with the terms and conditions of a letter of credit. In addition, the general principles of strict compliance will be considered and in the next, the requirements of specific documents such as invoices, transport documents and insurance policies. This area of letter of credit law is shaped not only by judge-made decisions but also the articles of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, the International Standard Banking Practice(ISBP Publication No.745) prepared by the Banking Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce as well as the position papers and opinions of the latter. Whether a document complies with the terms of a letter of credit is essentially a matter of examination and construction of the document in question against the terms of the letter of credit under which it is presented, articles of the UCP, ISBP as well as the opinions and statements of the Banking Committee. Most of all this article was focused on provisions of UCP600. Comparison with provisions of UCP500 have been drawn where appropriate.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.53-89
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• 2006

At its thirty-second session(Vienna, 17 May-4 June 1999), the UNCITRAL decided that the priority items for the Working Group(Arbitration and Conciliation) should include enforceability of interim measures and the requirement of written (on for the arbitration agreement. The Working Group, at its forty-third session(Vienna, 3-7 October 2005), it had undertaken a detailed review of the text of the revised article 17 of UNCTTRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, and it had resumed discussions on a draft model legislative provision revising article 7, paragraph (2) of UNCITRAL Model Law. The purpose of this paper is to make research on the contents and issues of the draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders, and on the form of arbitration agreement which the Working Group discussed and adopted at its forth-fourth session(New York, 23-27 January 2006). The draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders are composed of the following provisions : Article 17-power of arbitral tribunal to order interim measures; article 17 bis-conditions for granting interim measures; article 17 ter-applications for preliminary orders and conditions for granting preliminary orders; article 17 quater-specific regime for preliminary orders; article 17 quinquies- modification, suspension, termination; article 17 sexies-provision of security; article 17 septies-disclosure; article 17 octies-costs and damages; article 17 novies recognition and enforcements; article 17 decies-grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement; article 17 undecies-court-ordered interim measures. There are the following issues in the draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders : form of issuance of an interim measures in article 17(2); conditions for granting interim measures in article 17 bis; purpose, function and legal regime of preliminary orders in article 17 ter; obligation of arbitral tribunal to give notice, and non-enforceability of preliminary orders in article 17 quater; burden of proof, interplay between article 17 decies and article 34, and decision on the recognition and enforcement of the interim measures in article 17 decies; placement of article 17 undecies; amendment of scope exception of application in article 1(2). The draft legislative provisions on the form of arbitration agreement are composed of the following provisions : article 7(1) definition of arbitration agreement; article 7(2) arbitration agreement in writing; article 7(3) arbitration agreement if its terms(content) are (is) recorded in any form; article 7(4) arbitration agreement by an electronic communication; article 7(5) arbitration agreement in an exchange of statements of claim and defence; article 7(6) reference to any document containing an arbitration clause. There are the following issues in the draft legislative provisions on the form of arbitration agreement : arbitration agreement in writing in article 7(2); terms or contents of arbitration agreement in article 7(3); arbitration agreement by electronic communication in article 7(4); existence of arbitration agreement in article 7(5); reference to any document containing an arbitration clause in article 7(6); the alternative proposal on article 7; amendment to article 35(2).