• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.365-387
• /
• 2000

One of the central and primary doctrine of the law of marine insurance is that the contract of indemnity entered into by assured and insurer is a contract of the utmost good faith. The notion of utmost good faith is a well established doctrine derived from the celebrated case of Carter v. Boehm(1766), decided long before the inception of the Marine Insurance Act(MIA). With the codification of the law, the principle found expression in sections $17{\sim}20$ of the MIA 1906. In section 17 is presented the general duty to observe the utmost good faith, with the following sections introducing particular aspects of the doctrine, namely, the duty of the assured and brokers to disclose material circumstances, and to avoid making misrepresentations. It is somewhat surprising that section 17, being a long founded doctrine, has not attracted the attention of the courts until very recently. Given that the most significant manifestations of uberrimae fidei are non-disclosure and misrepresentations, fulfillment of the obligation of utmost good faith was, not unreasonably, for a long time perceived in terms of the duty to disclose and not to misrepresent. However, Black King Shipping Corporation v. Massie, 'Litsion Pride'(1985) has clarified that the duty of disclosure stems from the duty of utmost good faith, and not vice versa. The duty of utmost good faith is an independent and overriding duty, with the ensuring sections on disclosure and representations providing mere illustrations of that duty. It is now clear that there are important questions with regard to the general doctrine and as to the nature and scope of any duty of good faith continuing after the contract of insurance is made which require separate and fuller discussion. The purpose of this paper is to review the nature and scope of the duty of utmost good faith.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.289-306
• /
• 1996

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han- suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book na mod Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Acatul Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately These two assertions cleary contrasted with pre-existing Neo-confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theoy. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the functional variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.151-171
• /
• 2010

This paper investigates the consumer arbitration practices In the U.S. The key issue in consumer arbitration is how to protect the individual consumers from the loss of their legal rights stemming from the arbitration agreement with the business. In the U.S., the major legal doctrines to protect individual consumer include the voluntary-knowing-intelligent doctrine, unconscionability doctrine, and void contract. Even though the US courts are favorable to the enforceability of arbitration agreement, they strictly apply the contract law theories in deciding the existence of arbitration agreement, providing a strong common law protection for the consumers in arbitration. However, the practices for protection of consumers in arbitration in Korea are not mature yet. If consumer arbitration is widely adopted into B to C contracts, a protective measure for individual consumer can be found in the Act of Clause Regulation providing that the business has duty to explain the relevant clause in the adhesive contracts.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.207-225
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the legal aspects on the formation of international contract in electronic commerce. The findings could be summarized as follows. rug, the contract doctrine of the contract formation by electronic data message, time of dispatch and receipt of data message, error in electronic communication, contract form and electronic signature could be supported or protected by the existing contract doctrine. Second, In relation to the contract formation arranged by electronic agents, the established contract doctrine provides no clear answer to the question whether changes provided by the interaction of electronic agents are enforceable. The enforceability question is left to future legislation. Finally, It is necessary that a significant level of formality together with the disclosure on the contract formality by certain act be conveyed 10 a potential buyer so that the buyer is impressed that the contact by the certain act could be valid.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.61-80
• /
• 2013

The U.S. Supreme Court delivered a decision on the case between AT&T and Concepcion, which confirmed the contractuality of a defense as a threshold to distinguish between what is a viable defense for invalidation of consumer arbitration agreement and what is not. In this paper, the adhesiveness of arbitration clause, which is a unique character for consumer arbitration, is investigated in the U.S. as a legal defense to invalidate the consumer arbitration agreements, and its contractuality and related legal doctrines are analyzed. The legal issues of consumer arbitration have been analysed in several legal perspectives including the voluntary, knowing and intelligent doctrine, doctrine of separation, contract of adhesion and the contractuality of defenses. Among all of these, the first three issues are related with arbitration clause, and the last one, the contractuality of defenses, reflects the nature of defenses invalidating the consumer arbitration agreement.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제11권12호
• /
• pp.658-673
• /
• 2011

이 연구는 TV 다큐멘터리 <신의 길 인간의 길>을 통해서 미디어가 종교 보도를 할 때 주의할 점을 살펴보았다. 2008년 서울방송에서 방영된 이 다큐멘터리는 한국의 기독교 교리를 비판적인 시각으로 조명했다. 제작자들은 구원에 있어서 배타성을 보이는 기독교가 한국 사회에서 권력으로 자리잡았다고 보았다. 공적 영역에서 영향력을 더해가는 개신교회와 그 활동들이 저널리즘 미디어의 비판 대상이 되는 것은 사회의 제반 다른 영역과 비교해볼 때 당연하다. 그러나 이 다큐멘터리는 기독교의 핵심 교리를 건드려 범개신교 단체의 항의를 받았다. 이 프로그램에서는 기독교의 교리가 신화에 근거를 둔다는 의견이 중요하게 제시되었다. 미디어가 종교의 교리를 보도한다면 객관성과 공정성을 가지고 정통교리와 함께 다양한 관점으로 교리를 보도해야 한다. 또한 종교의 교리에 관한 부분은 어떠한 종교를 막론하고 과학과 이성의 잣대로 비판하기 보다는 성역으로 남겨두어야 한다. 계몽주의 시대의 산물인 미디어가 신비의 영역을 내포하는 종교를 다룰 때 지켜야 할 기본 윤리를 이 연구를 통해 살펴본다.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제25권
• /
• pp.391-420
• /
• 2011

Christina Rossetti's novella Maude displays Tractarian influences in terms of Holy Eucharist, Puseyism, and the doctrine of Reserve. Tractarianism is High Church revival movement of nineteenth century. In the story a teenage girl, Maude went through hard time receiving Holy Eucharist due to self-consciousness and internal guilt according to Puseyism. She felt guilty when she enjoyed worldly things and outward beauty. Due to guilt Maude refused to receive Holy Communion, which is complete connection to God. Her cousin, Agnes suggested that in refusing Holy Communion Maude is following her own will not God's will. Later Maude overcame Puseyite thought of self-hatred and reconciled with her identity as a poet and a woman. Maude oscillates between concealing and revealing, secrecy and truth, sincerity and affectation, and modesty and display. Her marvelous poetic talent makes people praise her but she withholds private feelings and attempts to divert attention from herself. Like Maude herself, the meaning of her poems is at times reserved and withheld. This tendency goes with the doctrine of Reserve in Tractarianism. The doctrine of Reserve utilizes indirect methods to reveal divine attributes because finite human being can not accept infinite God. The doctrine of Reserve sees to it that the expression will be veiled, indirect, subdued and self-effacing. Rossetti adapts a poetic method of Reserve when Maude has anxiety over 'display and poetry' and generates the reticence, secrecy, mystery, renunciation, modesty and detachment. According to Mary Arseneau, by veiling and expressing herself through symbols she can rise above the self and employ the phenomenal to suggest a noumenal reality. Thus the poetry becomes an expression of longing for the divine. The poem "Three Nuns" exemplifies Maude's maturity and gradual progress in the relationship with God. Rossetti suggests the vision full of hopes and promises of reuniting with God. In conclusion, in some sense, authoritative and conservative Tractarianism affects Rossetti both ways. On the one hand, it makes Rossetti abnegate herself and leads her to asceticism, on the other hand, it makes Rossetti express her faith in God and write amazing devotional poems such as "Three Nuns". A poem within the poem has three voices that are in perfect harmony. In the poem the first and second nun show hesitation to fully commit to God's will and the desire for the world prevents them from having heavenly joy. Third nun reveals spiritual maturity and sings new life in God where their hopes and joys begin. Rossetti expresses the procedure of spiritual growth through the poem "Three Nuns". For Rossetti, self-abnegation and self-expression both are involved in the doctrine of Reserve, Puseyism and Holy Communion.

• 법제연구
• /
• 제41호
• /
• pp.201-228
• /
• 2011

대법원은 97후2200에서 균등관계가 성립하기 위한 5가지 요건을 제시하였다. 이 중에서 세 번째 요건인 '치환자명성'이 특허요건 중 하나인 진보성을 판단할 때의 자명성과 같은 수준의 것으로 해석할 수 있는 것인지의 여부에 대하여 논쟁이 있다. 이들을 다르게 해석해야 한다는 입장에서는, 치환자명성 요건이 자명성 요건에 비하여 협소하다고 설명한다. 그리고 이들을 동일하게 볼 경우 특허발명에 대하여 진보성이 인정되지 않는 한 모두 균등영역에 포함되는 것으로 보게 되어 균등침해의 영역을 과도하게 확장하게 되는 문제가 있다고 한다. 반면에 이들을 같은 정도의 것으로 해석해야 한다는 입장에서는, 특허발명으로부터 용이하게 실시할 수 있는 기술 즉, 특허발명에 대하여 진보성이 없는 영역에 속하는 확인대상발명은 모두 균등침해에 해당하는 것으로 보아야 한다고 주장한다. 또한 균등론상 치환자명성과 진보성의 자명성을 서로 다르게 해석할 경우 특허법이 작용할 수 없는 소위 '회색영역'이 존재하게 되는 문제가 있다는 점을 지적한다. 이러한 견해의 차이는 권리범위확인 또는 균등론에 의한 침해 여부를 판단함에 있어서 상반되는 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 즉, 치환자명성 요건을 자명성 요건보다 좁게 보는 경우는 이들을 동일하게 보는 경우에 비하여 특허권의 권리범위를 좁게 해석하기 때문에 회색영역에 속하는 확인대상발명에 대하여 침해를 부인하게 된다. 그러나 반대로 이들을 동일하게 보는 경우 회색영역은 사라지고 확인대상발명은 균등론에 의하여 침해의 영역에 속하게 된다. 이 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결해 보고자 하는 시도에서 출발한 것이다. 이를 위하여 특허요건의 진보성 판단과 균등론의 치환자명성 판단을 각각 검토하고, 이들을 동일하게 보는 경우와 다르게 보는 경우를 기술혁신의 경제학적 관점에서 서로 대비한 결과 동일하게 보는 것이 합리적이라는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.515-536
• /
• 2000

This study analyzes the U.S. case law which challenges the legal conclusions of the district court with respect to the applicability, and effect, of the doctrine of waiver and estoppel in addition to the doctrine of documentary cure. The impliations are as follows. First, the documentary cure requirement can not be interpreted to mean early enough to allow the beneficiary to cure and represent the documents before the presentment deadline or expiry date of letter of credit. The mere fact that the presentment period expired before the completion of bank's review and notification process does not compel any conclusion about whether the examiner spent a reasonable amount of time examining the documents. Indeed, the reasonable time requirement does not imply that banks examine a presentation out of order or hurry a decision based upon particular needs or desires of a beneficiary. Secondly, even if the doctrine of waiver can apply to letter of credit governed by the strict compliance standard, a one-time acceptance of discrepant documents by a bank does not waive the bank's right to insist upon conforming documents in all subsequent letter of credit transactions between the bank and beneficiary. Revised UCC Article 5 is highly persuasive on this point: waiver of discrepancies by issuer or an applicant in one or more presentation does not waive similar discrepancies in a future presentation. Neither the issuer nor the beneficiary can reasonably rely upon honor over past waivers as a basis for concluding that a future defective presentation will justify honor.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.131-144
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study lies in theoretical establishment of formulas for invigorating five viscera for curing the asthenic syndrome of five viscera through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of them. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the "Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine", the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera are Bogantang, Boseemtang, Bobeetang, Bopyeotang, and Boshintang. Results : There are three methods for curing the asthenic syndrome of five viscera according to the five elements doctrine: in case of Bogantang invigorating the liver, invigorating the kidney and purging the lung; Boseemtang, invigorating the heart, invigorating the liver and purging the kidney; Bobeetang, invigorating the spleen, invigorating the heart and purging the liver; Bopyeotang, invigorating the lung, invigorating the spleen and purging the heart; Boshintang, invigorating the kidney, invigorating the lung and purging the spleen. Conclusions : First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of five viscera, the methods of invigorating five viscera, and purging five viscera should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's formulas for invigorating five viscera are combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.