• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2021

In the general accretion disk model theory, the accretion disk surrounding an astronomical object comprises fluid rings obeying Keplerian motion. However, we should consider relativistic and rotational effects as we close in toward the center of accretion disk surrounding spinning compact massive objects such as a black hole or a neutron star. In this study, we explore the geometry of the inner portion of the accretion disk in the context of Mukhopadhyay's pseudo-Newtonian potential approximation for the full general relativity theory. We found that the shape of the accretion disk "puffs up" or becomes thicker and the luminosity of the disk could exceed the Eddington luminosity near the surface of the compact spinning black hole.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.370-376
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• 2010

Objective : Although unilateral transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is widely used because of its benefits, it does have some technical limitations. Removal of disk material and endplate cartilage is difficult, but essential, for proper fusion in unilateral surgery, leading to debate regarding the surgery's limitations in removing the disk material on the contralateral side. Therefore, authors have conducted a randomized, comparative cadaver study in order to evaluate the efficiency of the surgery when using conventional instruments in the preparation of the disk space and when using the recently developed high-pressure water jet system, SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL. Methods : Two spine surgeons performed diskectomies and disk preparations for TLIF in 20 lumbar disks. All cadaver/surgeon/level allocations for preparation using the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL (HydroCision Inc., Boston, MA, USA) or conventional tools were randomized. All assessments were performed by an independent spine surgeon who was unaware of the randomizations. The authors measured the areas (cm2) and calculated the proportion (%) of the disk surfaces. The duration of the disk preparation and number of instrument insertions and withdrawals required to complete the disk preparation were recorded for all procedures. Results : The proportion of the area of removed disk tissue versus that of potentially removable disk tissue, the proportion of the area of removed endplate cartilage, and the area of removed disk tissue in the contralateral posterior portion showed 74.5 ${\pm}$ 17.2%, 18.5 ${\pm}$ 12.03%, and 67.55 ${\pm}$ 16.10%, respectively, when the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL was used, and 52.6 ${\pm}$ 16.9%, 22.8 ${\pm}$ 17.84%, and 51.64 ${\pm}$ 19.63%, respectively, when conventional instrumentations were used. The results also showed that when the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL was used, the proportion of the area of removed disk tissue versus that of potentially removable disk tissue and the area of removed disk tissue in the contralateral posterior portion were statistically significantly high (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). Also, compared to conventional instrumentations, the duration required to complete disk space preparation was shorter, and the frequency of instrument use and the numbers of insertions/withdrawals were lower when the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL was used. Conclusion : The present study demonstrates that hydrosurgery using the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL unit allows for the preparation of a greater portion of disk space and that it is less traumatic and allows for more precise endplate preparation without damage to the bony endplate. Furthermore, the SpineJet$^{TM}$ XL appears to provide tangible benefits in terms of disk space preparation for graft placement, particularly when using the unilateral TLIF approach.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.469-480
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 철도차량하중으로 인한 디스크받침의 정 동적 거동특성을 평가하여, 디스크 받침 설계기술 발전에 기여하고자 함이다. 디스크받침은 탄성받침의 일종으로 폴리우레탄 패드를 사용하여 탄성을 구현하고 있으며, 가동단에는 PTFE를 사용하여 교량의 움직임을 흡수하고 있다. 실험실에서 수차례의 정적 실험을 실시하여 폴리우레탄 고무의 정적거동을 평가하기 위한 데이터를 획득하였다. 또한, 4개의 디스크받침은 철도교량인 판형교에 설치하여 철도차량에 의한 디스크받침의 동적 거동을 측정하였다. 현장실험은 기관차 1량을 사용하여 일정속도로 주행하는 주행시험을 실시하여 각 디스크받침의 동적 변형과 이에 작용하는 동적 하중을 측정하였다. 정적 실험을 통해서 나타난 사실은 수직강성에 크게 기여하는 것이다. 또한 동적 강성은 정적으로 평가된 강성보다 크게 나타났다. 차량의 속도가 증가함에 따라 디스크받침의 변형도 증가하는 것으로 나타났지만, 크게 증가하지는 않았다. 디스크받침의 고정단의 동적 강성이 가동단의 강성보다 크게 나타나는데, 이는 가동단의 PTFE가 변형을 일으키기 때문이라고 판단된다. 이러한 결과는 철도교를 위한 디스크받침 설계기술의 발전에 기여할 것이다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제39권
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• pp.281-314
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• 2006

Several explanations exist about the usage of disk-shaped bronze implements in the ancient society. Some argue that they were used as mirrors, others suggest percussion instruments, and still others bronze ornaments. Differences between disk-shaped bronze implements and mirrors with multiple knobs are that the former have no visible design, only one handle, and a sharp curvature unlike the latter with smooth curvature. The question is whether disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Korean peninsula have any light reflecting function. To answer this question, I carefully studied the concave surfaces of disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong, Tongso-ri and Hapsong-ri sites. The main findings are as follows: (1) The concave sides of the disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong and Tongso-ri sites were highly polished, and they were as reflective as bronze mirrors. (2) The concave side of the disk-shaped bronze implement from Hapsong-ri site was unpolished, and it was different from bronze mirrors. (3) As for the convex sides of the disk-shaped bronze implements, they did not appear to have been polished with care. Considering the above findings, the disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong and Tongso-ri sites belong to the stage where they could act as both mirrors and instruments. On the contrary, the disk-shaped bronze implement from Hapsong-ri site can belong to the stage where it lost the function of being a mirror as the result of maintaining only its function as an instrument. Even though disk-shaped implements had two functions, it can be considered that the light reflecting function expanded the role of a mirror with multiple knobs and the sound function helped the engraved round bronze implement to be converted into an eight-armed bronze rattle. Since it has been reported that shamans used bronze mirrors as percussion instruments in their performances in Korean peninsula and Siberia, I propose a reconsideration of the usage of mirrors in the ancient East Asia. Although the essential function of a mirror is to reflect light, other possible usages involving important functions need to be further investigated.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제15A권5호
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• pp.275-286
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• 2008

Fast File System(FFS)은 디스크의 고성능 대역폭을 활용하여 대용량 파일의 여러 블록들을 한 번에 저장함으로써 파일 쓰기 성능을 향상시키고 있다. 하지만, FFS는 파일 단위로 데이터를 저장하기 때문에 작은 파일 쓰기 성능은 디스크 대역폭보다 디스크 회전 및 탐색 시간에 크게 영향을 받는다. 본 논문은 FFS에서 작은 파일 쓰기의 성능 향상을 위해 여러 개의 작은 파일들을 한꺼번에 모아서 저장하는 모아 쓰기(Co-Writing) 기법을 제안하며, 이 기법을 FFS에 적용한 CW-FFS를 구현하였다. CW-FFS의 모아 쓰기 기법은 대역폭을 활용하여 디렉토리 지역성을 가지는 작은 파일들을 모아서 연속적인 디스크 위치에 한 번의 디스크 쓰기로 저장한다. 모아 쓰기 기법은 각 파일 단위로 발생하는 디스크 회전 및 탐색 동작들을 한 번으로 감소시키기 때문에 파일 쓰기가 많은 응용 프로그램에서 작은 파일 쓰기 성능을 개선시킨다. 또한 모아 쓰기 기법이 동일 디렉토리에 포함되는 파일들 간의 디스크 공간 지역성의 저하를 야기하지 않도록 효율적인 파일 할당 방식도 함께 제안한다. CW-FFS는 성능 검증을 위해 OpenBSD 운영체제 커널에서 구현되었으며, postmark 벤치마크를 통한 성능 측정 결과는 기존 FFS 파일 시스템보다 작은 파일 쓰기 성능이 속도 측면에서 $5{\sim}35%$까지 개선되었음을 보여준다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.398-407
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• 2005

본 연구는 안면비대칭이 있는 환자의 측두하악관절원반 형태와 위치를 평가하고 악관절내장증과 안면비대칭 간의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 시행되었다. 남자 10명 및 여자 27명으로 구성된 안면비대칭 환자 37명의 74개의 TMJ MRI를 사용하였으며, 대상 집단의 연령은 12세에서 44세까지의 범위로 평균 21.4세였다. 시상 및 두정 TMJ MRI를 최대감합위 및 최대개구위에서 채득한 후 부분전방변위, 전방변위, 회전 또는 측방원반변위 등 원반변위의 종류를 기록하였으며, 원반의 모양위치, 그리고 원반의 변위 및 회전을 MRI tracing 상에서 판독하였다. 악관절내장증의 증상은 정상, 정복성 전방원반변위(ADDR), 그리고 비정복성 전방원반변위 (ADDNR) 집단으로 분류하였으며, 환자는 양측성 정상. 편측 혹은 양측 내장증 집단으로 분류하였다. 약$70\%$의 환자에서 편측성 또는 양측성 내장증을 보였으며. 통계분석 결과 ADD, 특히 회전성 ADD가 변위측에서 더 높은 빈도로 나타났으나 반대측에서는 원반의 위치가 정상인 경우가 많았다. (p<0.01). 변위측의 원반은 모양의 변형 및 하전방 변위를 유의하게 더 나타냈다. 그러나 반대쪽은 개구시 원반이 수직방향으로 과운동성이 관찰되었다. 이 연구는 안면비대칭 환자에서 ADD의 종류가 원반의 모양, 경사 변위 각도, 변위의 수직거리 및 회전각도와 연관이 있다는 것을 제시한다

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2003

Recently, near-field recording (NFR) disk drive schemes have been proposed with a view to increasing recording densities of hard disk drives. Compared with hard disk drives. NFR disk drives have narrower track pitches and are exposed to more severe periodic disturbances resulting from eccentric rotation of the disk. It is difficult to meet servo system design specifications for NFR disk drives with conventional VCM actuators in that the servo system for an NFR disk drive generally requires a feater gain and higher bandwidth. To tackle the problem various dual-stage actuator systems composed of a microactuator mounted on top of a conventional VCM actuator have been proposed. This article deals with the problem of designing a tracking servo system far an NFR disk drive adopting a dual-stage actuator. We summarize design constraints pertaining to the dual-stage servo system and present a new servo scheme using iterative teaming control. We design feedback compensators and an iterative teaming controller for a target plant and verify the validity of the proposed control scheme through a computer simulation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.946-954
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• 2000

The purposes of the paper are to calculate stresses and strains of the disk with overcoating layer rotating quickly under normal loading and shear loading by contacting with head and to present material properties preventing the delamination between the disk and overcoating layer. The hard disk is modeled as two-layered disk composed with overcoating layer and the rest layers and the loading onto the disk is assumed axisymmetric. Solutions to equilibrium equations and compatibility equations are derived with the form of polynimial and Bessel function and coefficients satisfying boundary conditions are obtained differently for the case of body force, normal force and shear force. The risk of delamination are investigated for us to calculate the differences of strains at the interface between the disk and overcoating layer and the material properties preventing delamination are presented by calculating the differences of strains according to Young's modulus and density of disk.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2006

This paper presents the braking friction and wears on the rubbing surfaces of a friction pad-disk brake. In this study, four friction disk specimens are sampled from unused and used disks in which are taken from the disk brake system when the friction induced vibration and noise problems have been occurred during a braking period at a running period of 10,000 km, 20,000 km, and 30,000 km in random. The experimental results indicate that the tribological characteristics of an unused disk brake shows equal and stable as a friction coefficient and temperature distributions during a braking friction/wear test period including a total friction mode from the start to running periods. But the used disk brake shows unstable and uneven friction modes between an outside and inside rubbing surfaces of a disk brake in terms of a friction coefficient and wears. This may lead to a friction induced friction vibration and noise problems of a used disk brake.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2008

The loss coefficient of the butterfly valve which allows partial opening of the valve at closed position and is applicable to the small-sized pipe system with the diameter of 1 inch was measured for the variation of the valve disk blockage ratio. Two different types of the valve disk configuration to adjust the blockage ratio were considered. One was the solid type valve disk of which the diameter was changed into the smaller size rather than the pipe diameter, and the other was the perforate type valve disk on which some holes were perforated. The results from two types of valve disk were compared to identify their characteristics in the loss coefficient distributions. The loss coefficient and the controllable angle of the valve disk were decreased exponentially with the decrease of the blockage ratio. In addition, the perforate valve disk had the effect on the higher loss coefficient rather than the solid type valve disk.