• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.661-671
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• 2019

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are promising for regenerating degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs), but the low efficiency of nucleus pulposus (NP)-specific differentiation limits their clinical applications. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is important in NP-specific differentiation of ADSCs, and Smoothened Agonist (SAG) is a highly specific and effective agonist of Shh signaling. In this study, we proposed a new differentiation strategy with the use of the small molecule SAG. The NP-specific differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis of ADSCs were measured in vitro, and the regenerative effects of SAG pretreated ADSCs in degenerated IVDs were verified in vivo. The results showed that the combination of SAG and transforming growth factor-${\beta}3$ ($TGF-{\beta}3$) is able to increase the ECM synthesis of ADSCs. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of NP-specific markers were increased by treatment with SAG and $TGF-{\beta}3$. Furthermore, SAG pretreated ADSCs can also improve the disc height, water content, ECM content, and structure of degenerated IVDs in vivo. Our new differentiation scheme has high efficiency in inducing NP-specific differentiation of ADSCs and is promising for stem cell-based treatment of degenerated IVDs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.207-212
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• 1980

1979년 11월부터 1980년 5월까지 한산${\cdot}$거제만 내의 화도, 송도, 소랑 및 추봉양성장에시 양성하고 있는 굴에 대한 패각의 성장, 육중의 증가, 각중에 대한 육중의 비 그러고 부착기당 부착밀도에 따른 패각의 상대성장에 대해 조사하였다. 각고의 성장은 소량산 굴이 가장 좋아 5월에 10.10cm였고, 다른 세지역보다 늦게 수하한 추봉산은 4월과 5월 사이에 급성장하여 5월에는 8.65cm로 성장하여 화도(8.69cm) 및 송도산(8.57cm) 굴과 거의 같은 크기가 되었다. 소량산 굴의 육중은 2월까지 완만하게 증가하다가 2월 이후 5월까지 급성장 하였으며 화도 및 송도산은 12월과 2월, 4월과 5월 사이에 육중의 증가가 많았으며, 늦게 수하한 추봉산은 12월부터 육중의 중가가 서서히 빨라지기 시작하여 4월과 5월 사이에는 급격히 증가하였지만 육중량은 다를 지역의 것보다 적었다. 각중에 대한 육중비는 화도, 추봉 및 송도산의 증가 경향이 비슷하여 12월 이후 차차 증가하지만 소량산의 경우는 2월까지 그 비가 감소하다가 2월 이후 급격히 증가하였다. 굴 부착기당 부착 밀도별 각고에 대한 각장의 성장비 (각형)는 부착개체수가 13개 이하에서는 0.60이상으로 단형이지만 25개체까지는 0.56이었고, 28개체 이상에서는 0.51 이하로 그 비가 현저히 감소하여 장형으로 되었다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2007

중국 상해수산대학에 소장된 어류 표본 중에 남중국해에서 채집된 1개체의 표본(295 mm TL)을 근거로 하여 홍어속(Okamejei) 어류의 신종을 기재하였다. 홍어속 어류는 북서태평양에 6종, 인도양에 3종이 서식하여 전세계에 9종이 유효하다. 호주 해역에는 홍어속의 미기재종 1종과 근연종으로 살홍어속(Dipturus)으로 소속이 변경된 3종이 서식한다. Okamejei mengae sp. nov.는 문연골 길이가 두장의 54.3%로 주둥이가 짧고, 꼬리부가 전장의 48.5%로 길고, 미극이 3열, 신경두개의 상생체공의 전단부가 명확하게 구별되는 점 등으로 홍어속에 포함된다. 이 종은 복추골이 23개로서 적고, 등지느러미 앞까지의 미추골이 50개로 많으며, 가슴지느러미의 복사연골이 96개로 많은 특징 등으로 동일속의 9종 및 근연종 등 13종과 명확히 구별된다. 또한 뾰족하게 돌출된 주둥이, 양안간격이 6.7배로 긴 두장, 넓은 꼬리, 좁은 제1등지느러미와 제2등지느러미의 거리, 짧은 제2등지느러미 뒤의 길이, 체반 등쪽에 작고 짙은 갈색 반점이 전체적으로 분포하지만 큰 반점은 없고, 배쪽의 로렌치니 병상 기관은 가슴지느러미의 후담기연골(metapterygium)의 뒤까지 분포하며, 견갑오훼연골이 높은 특징을 가지고 있다. 신종과 전 세계 홍어속 및 근연종 등 13종과의 특징 비교표를 작성하였으며, 북서태평양에 서식하는 7종에 대한 새로운 분류 검색표를 제시하였다.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the relation between the height of intercrestal line, and HIVD(Herniated Intervertebral Disc)of Lumbar spine. Methods : We investigated 445 cases (208 male, 237 female) of patients who were diagnosed as HIVD of L-spine at either L4/5 or L5/S1 level. We analysed the relation between the height of intercrestal line and the level of HIVD. Results : 1. Among 445 cases, the level of intercrestal line with HIVD of L-spine at the specific location was different between male and female. In male, the intercrestal line is more likely to be located at L4 level, while in female more likely to be located at L5 level. 2. Among 445 cases, L5/S1 HIVD patients(272, 61.1%) were more than L4/5 HIVD patients(173, 38.9%). At L4 body area, L4/5 HIVD patients were more than L5/S1 HIVD patients, however, at L4/5 intervertebral area and L5 body area, L5/S1 HIVD patients were more than L4/5 HIVD patients. (p<0.01) 3. When the line is located at higher level, HIVD of L-spine tends to be occurred at L4/5 level. Contrastly, when the line is located at lower level, HIVD of L-spine tends to be occurred at L5/S1 level. (p<0.01) Conclusions : High intercrestal line leads to L4/5 HIVD, while low intercrestal line leads to L5/S1 HIVD. Possibly, it is caused by different length and thickness of the iliolumbar ligament.

• Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2018

Background: Since open Wiltse approach allows limited visualization for foraminal stenosis leading to an incomplete decompression, we report the short-term clinical and radiological results of unilateral biportal endoscopic foraminal decompression using $0^{\circ}$ or $30^{\circ}$ endoscopy with better visualization. Methods: We examined 31 patients that underwent surgery for neurological symptoms due to lumbar foraminal stenosis which was refractory to 6 weeks of conservative treatment. All 31 patients underwent unilateral biportal endoscopic far-lateral decompression (UBEFLD). One portal was used for viewing purpose, and the other was for surgical instruments. Unilateral foraminotomy was performed under guidance of $0^{\circ}$ or $30^{\circ}$ endoscopy. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using the modified Macnab criteria, Oswestry disability index, and visual analogue scale. Plain radiographs obtained preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively were compared to analyze the intervertebral angle (IVA), dynamic IVA, percentage of slip, dynamic percentage of slip (gap between the percentage of slip on flexion and extension views), slip angle, disc height index (DHI), and foraminal height index (FHI). Results: The IVA significantly increased from $6.24^{\circ}{\pm}4.27^{\circ}$ to $6.96^{\circ}{\pm}3.58^{\circ}$ at 1 year postoperatively (p = 0.306). The dynamic IVA slightly decreased from $6.27^{\circ}{\pm}3.12^{\circ}$ to $6.04^{\circ}{\pm}2.41^{\circ}$, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.375). The percentage of slip was $3.41%{\pm}5.24%$ preoperatively and $6.01%{\pm}1.43%$ at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.227), showing no significant difference. The preoperative dynamic percentage of slip was $2.90%{\pm}3.37%$; at 1 year postoperatively, it was $3.13%{\pm}4.11%$ (p = 0.720), showing no significant difference. The DHI changed from $34.78%{\pm}9.54%$ preoperatively to $35.05%{\pm}8.83%$ postoperatively, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.837). In addition, the FHI slightly decreased from $55.15%{\pm}9.45%$ preoperatively to $54.56%{\pm}9.86%$ postoperatively, but the results were not statistically significant (p = 0.705). Conclusions: UBEFLD using endoscopy showed a satisfactory clinical outcome after 1-year follow-up and did not induce postoperative segmental spinal instability. It could be a feasible alternative to conventional open decompression or fusion surgery for lumbar foraminal stenosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.422-431
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• 2019

Objective : In an aging society, the number of patients with symptomatic degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) is increasing and there is an emerging need for fusion surgery. However, few studies have compared transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) for the treatment of patients with DS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological outcomes between TLIF and LLIF in DS. Methods : We enrolled patients with symptomatic DS at L4-5 who underwent TLIF with open pedicle screw fixation (TLIF group, n=41) or minimally invasive LLIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (LLIF group, n=39) and were followed-up for more than one year. Clinical (visual analog scale and Oswestry disability index) and radiological outcomes (spondylolisthesis rate, segmental sagittal angle [SSA], mean disc height [MDH], intervertebral foramen height [FH], cage subsidence, and fusion rate) were assessed. And we assessed the changes in radiological parameters between the postoperative and the last follow-up periods. Results : Preoperative radiological parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. LLIF was significantly superior to TLIF in immediate postoperative radiological results, including reduction of spondylolisthesis rate (3.8% and 7.2%), increase in MDH (13.9 mm and 10.3 mm) and FH (21.9 mm and 19.4 mm), and correction of SSA ($18.9^{\circ}$ and $15.6^{\circ}$) (p<0.01), and the changes were more stable from the postoperative period to the last follow-up (p<0.01). Cage subsidence was observed significantly less in LLIF (n=6) than TLIF (n=21). Fusion rate was not different between the two groups. The clinical outcomes did not differ significantly at any time point between the two groups. Complications were not statistically significant. However, TLIF showed chronic mechanical problems with screw loosening in four patients and LLIF showed temporary symptoms associated with the surgical approach, such as psoas and ileus muscle symptoms in three and two cases, respectively. Conclusion : LLIF was more effective than TLIF for spondylolisthesis reduction, likely due to the higher profile cage and ligamentotactic effect. In addition, LLIF showed mechanical stability of the reduction level by using a cage with a larger footprint. Therefore, LLIF should be considered a surgical option before TLIF for patients with unstable DS.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2017

회전익 항공기의 MRA 조종로드는 메인로터의 회전면을 조절하여 항공기의 속도, 고도 및 방향을 조절해 주는 중요한 기능을 수행한다. 그러나 A 항공기 운용 중에 조종로드에 수분이 유입됨으로서 동계 운용 간 조종로드 내부가 결빙으로 파손되고 제작공정 간 불균일한 코팅으로 인한 부식이 발생되어 개선이 요구되었다. MRA 조종로드 상부 공간을 통하여 로드 내부로 수분이 유입되었고, 유입된 수분이 외부 온도의 영향으로 결빙 발생 후 팽창하는 과정에서 로드가 파손되었으며, 조종로드의 제작공정 간에는 도금처리 미흡으로 조종로드 내부에 부식이 발생하였다. 이러한 결함을 해결하기 위하여, 로드 내부로 수분이 유입되지 않도록 조종로드 상단 부분을 실링 처리하였고, 부식이 발생되지 않도록 제작공정 진입 전 내경부 부식 확인, 공정 이동 간 불순물 제거 및 방청유 적용 공정 추가, 균일한 두께 분포를 위한 내경부 2회 코팅 등을 반영하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 개선품에 대한 방수시험과 염수분무시험 등을 통하여 방수와 부식방지 여부를 확인하였다. 본 논문에서는 이처럼 항공기 운용과정에서 발생한 MRA 조종로드 결함에 대한 현상과 원인 및 대책을 검토하고 개선 방안을 수립하여 이를 입증하였다. 이와 같은 방수 및 부식 방지 기술은 국내 회전익 항공기 개발 산업에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.81-98
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• 1998

Isokinetic evaluation of trunk flexors and trunk extensors was performed at $60^{\circ}/sec\;and\;120^{\circ}/sec$ of angular velocity by using cybex 6000TEF Unit on 31 healthy male white workers and 15 post-operative HILD patients with no significant difference in mean age and mean body weight between two groups, and compared each other. The purpose of this study is to obtain the isokinetic normative strength values and endurance latins for Dunk extensors and trunk flexors, and is to provide a guideline for rehabilitation program of post-operative HILD patients. The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's Nyktuoke Range Test, and Pearson correlation coefficiency in PC-SAS program, The results obtained were as follow ; 1. Post-operative subjects has lower isokinetic values than normal subjects in peak torque, peak torque $\%$ by body weight, total work, total work $\%$ by body weight, average power, average power $\%$ by body weight, TAAE of trunk flexors and trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value in trunk extensors at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and in trunk flexors and trunk extensors at $120^{\circ}/sec$ between two groups(p<0.05). 2. Pest-ooperative subjects has lower values for angle of peak torque than normal subjects in trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value at $60^{\circ}/sec$ and $120^{\circ}/sec$ between two groups. 3. Post-operative subjects has higher values for endurance ratios than normal subjects in trunk extensors and flexors, but there are no significant differences with statistic value between two groups. 4. Post-operative subjects has higher values than normal subjects in peak torque ratios, total work ratios, average power ratios of trunk flexors to trunk extensors, and there are significant differences with statistic value between two groups(p<0.01). 5. There is significant positive-correlation with statistic valve between peak torque and height and body weight in normal subjects(p<0.05), but Thjere is significant negative-correlation between peak torque of trunk extensor at $120^{\circ}/sec$ and age (p<0.05). 6. There is significant positive-correlation with statistic value between peak torque of trunk flexors and body weight in post-operative subjects (p<0.05), but There is significant negative-correlation between peak torque of trunk extensor add age (p<0.05). In conclusion, post-operative subjects have greater weakness in trunk musculature than normal subjects, especially there is more significant weakness in trunk extensors than in trunk flexors

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2010

Giomer는 글라스 아이오노머의 불소 유리 능력과 복합 레진의 물리적 성질을 동시에 가지고 있는 새로운 형태의 치과용수복 재료로 소개되고 있다. 그러나, 최근에 시판되고 있는 giomer의 실제 불소 유리 수준과 지속적인 불소 유리에 따른 물성 저하에 관한 연구는 아직까지 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 giomer의 시간 경과에 따른 불소 유리량과 미세경도를 측정하고 기존에 소개된 불소 유리 수복재료인 레진 강화형 글라스 아이오노머 및 컴포머와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 복합 레진을 제외한 모든 수복재에서 불소 유리가 관찰되었으며 첫째 날 유리량이 가장 높았고 이후 급격히 감소하여 7일 후부터는 완만하게 유지되는 양상을 보였다. 2. 31일간 누적 불소 유리량은 III군(레진 강화형 글라스 아이오노머)에서 57.941 ppm으로 가장 높았으며 II군(컴포머)에서 14.643 ppm, I군(giomer)에서 2.957 ppm 순으로 높은 유리량을 보였다. 3. 수복재의 미세경도는 IV군(복합 레진)에서 가장 높았으며 I군, II군, III군 순으로 높게 측정되었다. 4. 시간 경과에 따라 미세경도는 7일째 소폭 상승하였다가 31일째 다소 감소하는 양상을 보였으나 1일째와 비교시 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 이번 연구 결과, giomer(Beautifil II)는 컴포머(F2000 Compomer)에 비하여 낮은 불소 유리량과 유사한 미세경도를 보였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.