• 대한청각학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The present study aimed to compare thresholds of direct bone-conduction (BC direct) with those of behaviorally measured BC pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and objectively measured BC auditory brainstem response (ABR) to confirm the clinical feasibility of their relationships. Subjects and Methods: Young adults with normal hearing participated in the study to determine the thresholds from three measurements at four testing frequencies. In the BC direct, the vibrator of a bone-anchored hearing aid softband was placed on the right mastoid of each subject. In both PTA and ABR, a B71 bone oscillator was placed on the subject's right mastoid. While the subject's thresholds of BC direct and BC PTA were determined with a clinically routine 5-dB step procedure, BC ABR was conducted to determine the individual's hearing sensitivity by a peak V of the waveform using tone-burst and click stimuli. Results: The BC direct showed a different pattern between low and high frequencies. Precisely, its thresholds were 13.25 and 12.25 dB HL at 0.5 and 1 kHz, respectively, but 19 and 19.75 dB HL at 2 and 4 kHz, respectively. A significant positive correlation existed between BC direct and PTA at 1 kHz, which was also correlated with ABR. Conclusions: Based on the current data, the thresholds of BC direct were similar to BC PTA at low frequencies and BC ABR at high frequencies. The thresholds of BC direct might be predictable at approximately 5 dB higher (or lower) than that in PTA, although a large data set is required for standardization.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2003

종래 직접 퍼지제어기에서는 누적 오차의 발생과 제어입력의 누적으로 인한 과도응답의 성능을 악화시킬 수 있으며 이러한 단점의 보완은 제어입력만으로 결정하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기위해 과도상태에서 나타나는 오버슈트와 상승시간을 고려하기 위해 퍼지제어기를 이용한 재설정 변화분을 설정하며 이를 직접 퍼지제어기에 추가하여 병렬형태로 구성된 새로운 퍼지제어기를 구성한다. 본 논문에서 제시한 새로운 퍼지제어기를 IPMSM 드라이브에 적용하여 새로운 퍼지제어기가 직접 퍼지제어기와 비교하여 응답성능이 우수함을 제시하고 그 타당성을 입증한다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.221-224
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to observe the weed control effects of vetch and to evaluate vetch characteristics on clay loam soil in no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping systems. The effects of weed control, forage productivity, and N content of vetch plants were investigated. With the progress of plant growth, density of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) gradually decreased, but densities of foxtail and other weeds decreased steeply due to the depression by the over-shaded vetch canopy in a no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping paddy field. The vetch density in tillage systems was lower than in notillage cropping systems. Lower vetch density occurred with an increase in foxtail density and other weeds. Weed control effect increased by the progress of vetch growth, which indicated that the vetch canopy over-shaded the weeds. Vetch straw was degraded rapidly submergence after with water at the time of wet sowing of rice. Early harvesting of vetch seed resulted in lower seed germination. To acquire enough seedlings without re-sowing, the harvesting of seed should be delayed at least 28 days after the flowering stage in order to ensure the vetch population is sustainable in a no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping system. In order to improve the survival of vetch plants, vetch seeds should germinate from the heading .stage to before the full-ripening stage of rice plants. To enhance the percent of over-wintering survival, vetch seeds should germinate no later than the end of October in southern Korea. The dry weight of vetch plants increased with the progress of vetch growth until the flowering stage but N content decreased for 30 days from before the flowering stage (2.9%) until the ripening stage (1.8%). We concluded that Chinese milk vetch could have an effect on weed control before the flowering stage, sustainability without re-sowing of seed annually, and effective green manure for rice pre-crop in no-till direct-sown rice-vetch relay cropping systems.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2000년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.205-209
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• 2000

현재의 무선통신기기는 다양한 멀티미디어의 제공과 함께 저전력, 소형·경량화, 단말기 가격의 저렴화가 개발의 목표가 되고 있다. 그러나, 기존의 무선통신시스템인 헤테로다윈 방식으로는 사용부품의 다양성 때문에 소형·경량화 및 부품의 On-Chip 작업에 어려움이 있어 미래형무선통신의 시스템으로는 적합하지 못하다. 이에 현재 연구개발이 진행되고 있는 방식 직접변환(Direct-Conversion)방식이다. 직접변환방식은 무선주파수 대역을 바로 기저대역을 하향변환 하므로써, 부가적인 부품의 사용과 소비전력의 감소에 상당한 이점이 있다. 이에 직접변환방식에 대한 이론적 설명과 함께 현재 무선통신 시스템으로 사용하기 위해 해결해야될 과제인 DC-Offset의 설명과 그 제거방법중의 하나인 AC-Coupling 기법의 시스템 적용으로 인한 시스템의 성능향상을 예측하고자한다

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2016

액화석유가스는 환경 친화적이며 에너지 효율성과 출력성능이 뛰어나 실용성이 높고, 경쟁연료에 비해 가격 경쟁력이 우수하기 때문에 촉망받는 대체연료 중 하나로 간주된다. 스파크점화 엔진에서 직분식 기술은 엔진 체적효율을 눈에 띄게 증가시키며, 상대적으로 더 높은 연소효율이 가능한 성층급기를 이용해 엔진을 작동시킨다. 본 연구에서는 가솔린직접분사 엔진의 원리를 적용하여 가시화 시스템을 장착한 연소실을 설계하였다. 이를 통해 스파크점화직분식 LPG의 점화성과 화염전파 과정을 디지털 방식으로 기록하고 분석하였다. 이러한 연구의 결과는 스파크점화직분식 LPG 엔진의 설계 및 최적화를 위한 광범위한 기초 자료로서 기여하고자 한다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권4_1호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2014

최근의 항공사진측량은 디지털항공사진 카메라와 GPS/ INS를 결합한 통합 센서를 활용하여 Direct Georeferencing 하는 방법이 보편화됐으며, 이를 기반으로 신속하고 정확하게 사진측량을 수행할 수 있게 되었다. Direct Georeferencing을 통해 얻을 수 있는 외부표정요소의 정확도는 GPS/INS에 의해 결정되는데, INS의 회전량 차이를 결정하여 자세정보를 정확하게 계산하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위해 Boresight Calibration으로 INS의 회전량 차이 및 GPS와 INS 간의 간격과 같은 Misalignment를 결정해야 한다. 이때 많은 수의 지상기준점을 이용하여 항공삼각측량과 Boresight Calibraiton을 하게 되는데, 지상기준점의 수와 배열, 위치에 따라 그 결과가 다르게 나타난다. 연구 결과 모든 사진코스에 지상기준점을 배치할 경우 점수의 변화에 따른 Misalignment와 외부표정요소는 큰 변화가 없었으나 지상기준점이 없는 코스가 있을 경우 그 값들에서 차이가 크게 발생하였다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.123-136
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to confirm the classification of nursing activity and to analyze the time of nursing workload in a new open hospital. The data were collected from 20 nurses working in 6 general nursing units by 4 trained observers. The tools used for this study were an observation recording sheet and a classification sheet of nursing activity. The classification sheet was constructed to be adaptable to each hospital system based on the instrument described in the literature. The results of the study are as follows : The direct nursing activities consisted of 6 sections, 33 subsections and the indirect nursing activities consisted of 14 sections, 53 subsections. The direct nursing activities included medication, measuring and observation, care of therapies, care of physical comfort, laboratory and treatment. The indirect nursing activities included preparation of medical utensils, collection of information and assessment, recording, phone communication, professional interaction related to patients, personal time, assigning work to staff, patient eaucation and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. Nurses spent 127.6min for direct nursing activity during day duty. It was 24.5% of total nursing activity. Within that activity medication had the highest percentage of time(40.09%), followed by communication and education with patient(24.76%), measuring and observation (16.93%), laboratory and treatment (12.85%), care of therapies(3.21%) and care of physical comfort (2.16%). The time breakdown for indirect nursing activities is as follows ; the preparation of medical utensils 22.3%, collection of information and assessment 20.29%, recording 20.27%, phone communication 8.14%, professional interaction related to patients 7.33%, personal time 7.24%, with the remaining timeshared by staffing, patient education and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. In the analysis of the relationships between the working time and the work allocation characters of the nurses(including nurse's experiences. nurse-patients ratio, nurse-rooms ratio, and character of nursing unit) ; There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing times between nurse's career years. There was significant difference in direct nursing time between assigned patient numbers. The nurses assigned larger number of patients spent significantly more time in direct nursing care than that of the smaller. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in indirect nursing workload between the assigned patient numbers. There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing time between an allocated patient's room numbers. There was significant difference in working time between working places. The nurse in the medical unit spent more time in direct nursing care than her counterpart in the surgical unit. However there was no difference in direct nursing time between two groups. The study results indicate that nurses spent less time in the direct nursing care than in the previous studies even though the hospital system has been modernized. On the other hand they spent much more time for the coordinating role within the interdisciplinary team and for the overlapping paperwork. Therefore it is recommended that patient oriented job description and more efficient usage of modernized utilities be made.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.539-546
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• 2002

This paper presents a new direct seek control scheme that provides fast data access capability and robust performance for high-speed rotational optical disk drives (ODD). When a disk is rotating at a high speed to obtain fast data transfer in ODD, the magnitude and frequency of velocity disturbance caused by eccentric rotation of the disk increase in proportion to the rotational speed of the disk. Such disturbances make it almost impossible for the conventional seek control scheme to achieve stable and satisfactory seek performance. We analyze the problems that may arise when the conventional seek control scheme is applied to the high-speed rotational ODD and propose a new direct seek control scheme that will solve such problems. In the proposed scheme, a seek control system is designed such that its performance is guaranteed for a set of plants with parameter perturbations. The performance of the proposed seek control scheme is shown by experiments using a high-speed rotational ODD.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the different shapes of condenser of the direct contact heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser to the receiving water using CFD. The heat transfer from the working fluid of the heat pipe to receiving fluid flows through the manifolder is one of the important part in evacuated solar collector system. The retrenchment of the thermal resistance between the heat pipe and the manifolder could increase the thermal performances of the whole system. Recently, direct heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser wall to the receiving water was suggested and accompanied experiments were achieved. This experiment shows the better performances of the direct contact heat transfer analogically. Preceding calculations are carried out for the performance comparison: mesh dependence test, discretization method test and equation model test. with these preceding tests, 4 different shapes of condenser are compared and each case were set up for the same heat flux at the condenser wall. The calculation result shows that the efficiency of the extended surface condenser shape is 10% higher then the that of the others.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.78-86
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• 2001

The Gasoline Direct Injection(GDI) system has been highlighted due to the improvement of fuel consumption and the control of exhaust emission from gasoline engines. The GDI system includes a high injection pressure, smaller mean diameter, good spray characteristics and stability. We were interested in the development for gasoline direct swirl injector(GDSI) in which the swirler is specially designed with an incident angle. Nymerical analysis was utilized to investigate the internal flow of GDSI with a goal to determine the swirl incident angle and needle lift. Accordingly, it describes characteristics of a GDSI in which the flowrate and spray characteristics are satisfied. especially the spray tip penetration decreases, compared with other type GDI, mean diameter of droplets is from 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and spray angle ranges from 64$^{\circ}$to 66$^{\circ}$.