• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1233-1241
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• 2020

Objective: The present investigation was aimed to explore the potential of lactobacilli for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production, isolated from rumen fluid samples of lactating goats. Methods: A total of 64 isolates of lactobacilli were obtained using deMan-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) agar from rumen fluid of goats and further subjected to morphological and biochemical characterizations. Isolates found as gram-positive, catalase negative rods were presumptively identified as Lactobacillus species and further confirmed by genus specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences using MEGA6. Results: Out of the 64 isolates, 23 isolates were observed positive for CLA production by linoleate isomerase gene-based amplification and quantitatively by UV-spectrophotometric assay for the conversion of linoleic acid to CLA as well as gas chromatography-based assay. In all Lactobacillus species cis9, trans11 isomer was observed as the most predominant CLA isomer. These positive isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene-based PCR sequencing and identified to be different species of L. ingluviei (2), L.salivarius (2), L. curvatus (15), and L. sakei (4). Conclusion: The findings of the present study concluded that lactic acid bacteria isolated from ruminal fluid samples of goat have the potential to produce bioactive CLA and may be applied as a direct fed microbial to enhance the nutraceutical value of animal food products.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

This study was conducted to confirm the rumen fermentation characteristics of large-scale CoenzymeQ10(CoQ10) producing bacteria R. spharoides in rumen. We conducted in vitro continuous culture test to investigate the characteristics of rumen fermentation with 5% R. spharoides as a direct fed microorganism. A rumen microbial fermentation characteristic has stability at after 12 days for 15 day of experimental period. pH value, NH₃-N, microbial protein synthesis, ADF digestibility and NDF digestibility were not shown significantly differences between control and treatment. However, UDP was significantly higher in treatment than control (p<0.05). CoQ10 concentration was 336.0mg/l with 5% R. spharoides. On the other hands, CoQ10 was not detected without R. spharoides. Our study was shown that R. spharoides can produce CoQ10 in rumen environment without harmful effects on rumen fermentation parameter. CoQ10 in rumen may transfer into cow milk through cow metabolism. This strategy might be helpful for producing functional dairy cow milk.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 1997

In order to reduce energy input in direct ethanol production from raw starch by co-immobilized Aspergillus awamori(A) and Zymomonas mobilis(Z), A-Z 36 culture system which was changed to anaerobic after 36 h of aerobic fermentation without sterilization was investigated. This immobilized cell system can not be carried out under unsterile conditions because of growth of microbial contaminants from original medium. Among some food additives such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, Vantocil IB and Neupectin-L, Vantocil IB and Neupectin-L were a potent antibacterial agent in A-Z 36 culture cell system and were not affected in hydrolysis of substrate as compared with the case of control. Ethanol yield(6.9 g/l) in system of addition of 0.1% Neupectin-L was slightly higher than that in control(6.4 g/l). When 2% starch was fed five times in fed-batch culture with 0.1% Neupectin-L, ethanol yield and productivity were 34 g/l and 2.0 g/l/day, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.47-54
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• 2012

Effect of commercial Direct Fed Microbials (DFM) or protease treated feed (PTF) supplementation on growth rate and biogenic substances such as BUN, glucose, IgG, GOT, GPT and Vitamin A, C, E from Holstein steers was studied for 7 months. Thirty two steers aged 2~3 months were separated with 4 groups for control, DFM (PS), protease (ES) and their mix (PS + ES) supplementally fed 0, 100, 100 and 50 + 50 g/day respectively. Weight gain was averagely higher in PS than any others, although there were no differences significantly. All treatments enhanced to 3~8% of control in dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient (P>0.05). Metabolic diseases with veterinary cure had not shown in this study. Plasma GOT and GPT were lower in the PS and ES than control. Plasma glucose concentration was also lower in PS than the others. Total cholesterol of ES was higher than the others but that of PS is the lowest. Plasma vitamin C was higher in PS than the others. It was shown that dietary PS affected change from glucose to vitamin C with not overloading liver. Conclusionally, PS and ES were shown to enhance metabolic health of steers during growing period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the effects of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) supplementation as a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on rumen fermentation in dairy cows and on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) transition into milk, an in vitro rumen simulation batch culture and an in vivo dairy cow experiment were conducted. Methods: The characteristics of in vitro ruminal fermentation were investigated using rumen fluids from six cannulated Holstein dairy cows at 2 h post-afternoon feeding. A control treatment was included in the experiments based on a typified total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating dairy cows, which was identical to the one used in the in vivo study, plus R. sphaeroides at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% TMR dry matter. The in vivo study employed six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows randomly allotted to either the control TMR (C-TMR) treatment or to a diet supplemented with a 0.5% R. sphaeroides culture (S-TMR, dry matter basis) ad libitum. The presence of R. sphaeroides was verified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) applied to the bacterial samples obtained from the in vivo study. The concentration of CoQ10 in milk and in the supernatant from the in vitro study was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results of the in vitro batch culture and DGGE showed that the concentration of CoQ10 significantly increased after 2 h of R. sphaeroides supplementation above 0.1%. When supplemented to the diet of lactating cows at the level of 0.5%, R. sphaeroides did not present any adverse effect on dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the concentration of CoQ10 in milk dramatically increased, with treated cows producing 70.9% more CoQ10 than control cows. Conclusion: The CoQ10 concentration in milk increased via the use of a novel DFM, and R. sphaeroides might be used for producing value-added milk and dairy products in the future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.38-51
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• 2022

Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10 at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day 10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log₁₀ CFU/g fresh weight for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter, fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during ensiling.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1418-1427
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Bacillus-based probiotics supplemented at two different levels to modulate the productive performance, egg quality, tibia traits, and specific cecal bacteria counts of Hy-Line Brown layers from 25 to 37 weeks of age. Methods: A total of 216 twenty-five-week-old hens were randomly distributed into 3 experimental diets with 12 replicates of 6 birds per cage. Diets included basal diet supplemented with 0 (CON), 3×10⁸ (PRO1), or 3×10⁹ (PRO2) colony-forming unit (CFU) of the test probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 per kilogram of feed. Results: Improved egg weights and mass at 29 weeks; and feed intake at 31 weeks (p<0.10) were noticed with the probiotic-supplemented PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Considering egg quality, the shell thickness, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was lowered (p<0.05) with PRO1 and PRO2 diets at 29 weeks. At both 33 and 37 weeks, the egg-breaking strength, shell color and thickness, albumen height, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was similarly lowered (p<0.05) with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia Ca, ash, weights, and density; and raised cecal counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (p<0.05) were noticed with PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia P but reduced Clostridia counts (p<0.10) were also observed with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation of Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 at 3×10⁸ CFU/kg of feed is adequate to significantly improve egg quality, lower yolk cholesterol, enhance several tibia traits, and raise the populations of beneficial cecal bacteria. Modest improvements in several productive parameters and tibia P but reduced Clostridia were also observed; and could warrant further investigation of probiotic effects beyond the current test period.