• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 1993

The "Namul" is a Korean common vegetable food composed of edible young leaves and soft stalks of wild plants or cultivating vegetables and treated with traditional condiments. It has been widely used as not only a regular diet but seasonal foods or special ceremonial foods. In this thesis, the kinds of edible plants for namul were philologically approached by books published in Korea from Koryo to Chosun dynasty. The first historical record about cultivated vegetable as food in Korea was a garlic and a gourd in $\ulcorner$Samkuksaki$\lrcorner$. According to numerous records, edible wild plants might have played an important part as food resources, since they have variable edible portions as famine relief foods. Four kinds of namul were first introduced in Koryo age, but in Chosun dynasty over eighty kinds were recorded. The root of ballonflower and white radish were most commonly used for raw namul and bamboo shoot and squash for boils ones. Most kinds of namul were introduced in $\ulcorner$Zeungtosanrimkwungiae$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Limwonsiprwukji$\lrcorner$ influenced by pragmatism in later half period of Chosun. The chronic state of famine in later half period of Chosun caused to introduce various edible wild vegetables, and had greatly influenced on the Korean people to acquire vegetarian food habits and to favor salty taste. It seems to need a further study on recent nutritional problems including dietary fiber.ary fiber.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.339-348
• /
• 1998

We can have the following summary regarding the apple, what is called, 'the king of fruits' through the study of bibliographic science. 1. Im-keum(林檎) could be translated into 'Neung-keum'(능금)(Malus asiatiaz Nakai), Nea(奈) into 'Meut'(멋), and Bin-gwa into 'apple'(사과)(Malus pumila Mill), and Bin-gwa was reformed from Meut. Thus, Neung-keum is similar to the apple, yet it is' different each other. 2. The imported year of the apple which was reformed from Meut(멋) from China was in 1654 whereas Neung-keum(능금) is a native kind. 3. The apple inscribed by Sa-gwa(沙果) on the present korean language dictionary should be changed into Sa-gwa. The Sa-gwa(沙果) is used as another name of Neug-keum(능금) in China. 4. We can find the bibliographic record that an apple or Neug-keum(능금) had been used as a substitution of San-sa(山사) to be used to Soe-um-in(小陰人). 5. The apple and Neug-keum(능금) are recommended to the Soe-um-in(少陰人) as a food for Yang-ran-ji-gi(陽煖之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ji(保險之主) to Soe-um-in(少陰人).

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this survey was to investigate eating habits, life styles and nutritional care of diabetic outpatients and to provide basic data for developing individualized nutritional care and diabetic education programs. This survey was carried out by nutritional counseling with a questionnaire and checking medical record. Information about the general characteristics of the subjects, eating habits, health-related life styles and attitude and perception of subjects to diet therapy was gathered from 200 randomly-sampled diabetic outpatients at a University Hospital located in Inchon. All data were analyzed by Statistical Analysis System(SAS) software. The results are summarized as follows : Female subjects were 63.5% of total subjects and 65.5% of total subjects were 50 years or more. The average Body Mas Index(BMI) of male and female subjects were 23.06kg/㎡ and 25.02kg/㎡ respectively and 44% of all subjects wee obese. Among subjects, type II diabetic patients were 81.0% and 82.5% of subjects had suffered from diabetes for more than one year. Also 41% subjects had diabetic history in their family. More than half of the subjects had nutrition education concerning diabetes. Also 75.5% of them thought that nutrition education was effective. The most important guideline in diet therapy was to eat cooked rice with dietary fiber-rich grains. Therefore, it might be necessary to develop nutrition education program adjusted according to diabetic patient's needs and life styles, which may increase feasibility of self-care and implementation of management guidelines.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare food habits and nutrient intakes among high school students with different obesity indexes who are residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. a total of 533 subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on BMI : underweight, normal-weight and overweight. Food habits and nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires and 24hr-dietary record. The results were as follows. There was no significant differences in the general environmental characteristics of subjects with different BMI. However, the father\`s BMI was significantly higher in overweight female students compared to underweight or normal weight subjects. The menarch age was significantly decreased as the obesity increased. The self-satisfaction score for physical type was decreased as the BMI increased. The overweight group skipped dinner more frequently the other groups among male students. There was no significant difference in the scores of nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitude, and self -satisfaction of subjects with different BMI. The nutrient intakes of overweight group were the lowest among the three groups. In conclusion, obesity among female students may be related to family member\`s obesity. Also overweight students tend to have lower self satisfaction for their body image and undesirable food habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is required to maintain desirable food habits for overweight students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제37권10호
• /
• pp.917-927
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to examine component of variance in nutrient intakes and to estimate the level of accuracy with varying degree of precision in order to achieve estimates of usual nutrient intakes. Three-day dietary records including both weekdays and weekends were collected every 4 season over a I-year period from 36 males and 93 females aged 40 - 65 y. For each nutrient, we partitioned total intake variance into weekly (weekday vs weekend), seasonal, within- and between- individual variation as components of variance, using analysis of variance. It was found that major components of variance were within- and between-individual variation. Particularly, within-individual variation (57.2 - 87.1 %) was greater than between-individual variation (12.2 - 37.4%) for all nutrients. Weekly and seasonal variation contributed small components of variance for most nutrients. For protein, fat and carbohydrate, there were a little significant weekly variation (0.00 - 1.35%) in females but not in males. For some micronutrients, there were moderately significant seasonal variation (0.15 - 5.48%) in both sexes. Ratio of within- to between- individual variation ranged 1.4 (vitamin B$_2$) -4.5 (vitamin B$_1$) in males and 1.6 (carbohydrate) -2.9 (fat) in females. With total 12-day dietary records data, the maximum percentage deviation of observed intakes from usual (true) intakes ranged 12-37%. To estimate usual individual intakes within 20% of the true mean with 90% confidence level, 3 - 9 days of dietary survey were required for energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus and iron, 13 - 19 days for fat and calcium, 25 - 29 days for vitamin A and vitamin C. Correlation coefficients between observed and true nutrient intakes were 0.71 - 0.91 for males, 0.81-0.91 for females. In conclusion, mean intakes of several nutrients can be reliably measured with the record method, using a limited number of days. Both nutrients of interest and the primary objectives should be taken account when planning method of assessment and number of replicates.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of individualized diabetes nutrition education. The nutrition education program was open to all type 2 diabetes patients visiting the clinic center and finally 67 patients agreed to join the program. To compare with 67 education group subjects, 34 subjects were selected by medical record review. The education program consisted of one class session for 1-2 hours long in a small group of 4~5 patients. A meal planning using the food exchange system was provided according to the diet prescription and food habits of each subject. Measurements of clinical outcomes and dietary intakes were performed at baseline and 3 months after the education session. After 3 months, subjects in education group showed improvement in dietary behavior and food exchange knowledge. In education group, intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin $B_2$, and folate per 1,000 kcal/day were significantly increased and cholesterol intake was significantly decreased. They also showed significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and fasting blood concentrations of glucose (FBS), HbA1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. However, no such improvements were observed in control group. To evaluate telephone consultation effect, after the nutrition education session, 34 subjects of the 67 education group received telephone follow-up consultation once a month for 3 months. The others (33 subjects) had no further contact after the nutrition education session. Subjects in the telephone follow-up group showed a decrease in BMI, FBS, and HbA1c. Moreover, the subjects who did not receive telephone follow-up also showed significant decreases in BMI and FBS. These results indicated that our individually planned education program for one session was effective in rectifying dietary behavior problems and improving food exchange knowledge, and quality of diet, leading to an improvement in the clinical outcomes. In conclusion, our individualized nutrition education was effective in adherence to diet recommendation and in improving glycemic control and lipid concentrations, while follow-up by telephone helped to encourage the adherence to diet prescription.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.829-836
• /
• 1995

우리나라 농촌 성인 남녀의 납 섭취량, 혈중 농도, 소변 중 배설량과 혈압, 혈청 지질수준과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 농촌에 거주하고 신체 건강한 성인 남녀 30명을 대상으로 신체계측, 3일간의 식이섭취조사 및 식이와 소변수거, 혈액체쥐를 통해 납의 섭취량, 혈중농도, 소변 중 배설량과 혈압 및 혈청 지질 함량을 측정하고 이들간의 관계를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구 대상자들의 평균 납 섭취량, 혈중 수준 및 뇨중 배설량은 각각 $226.1{\pm}263.8\mu\textrm{g}/day,\;10.8{\pm}3.6\mu\textrm{g}/dl\;및\;36.5{\pm}9.5\mu\textrm{g}$이었다. 수축기와 이완기 혈압은 $113.0{\pm}16.9mmHg와\;76.7{\pm}12.1mmHg$였고, 혈청 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤 및 ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ 함량은 각각 $158.8{\pm}32.9mg/dl,\;104.6{\pm}48.8mg/dl,\;45.7{\pm{9.9mg/dl,\;92.2{\pm}28.5mg/dl\;및\;426.4{\pm}141.5\;mg/dl$인 것으로 나타났다. 납의 섭취량, 혈중 수준 및 뇨중 배설량과 혈압간에는 유의한 상관성이 나타나지 않았으나 납 섭취량과 에너지 및 당질 섭취량간에 유이한 정의 상관성이 있었다. 납과 혈청 지질수준과의 관계에서 납 섭취량과 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량간에 유의한 부의 상관성이 나타난 납의 섭취로 동맥경화 발생의 가능성이 높았으며 납과 그밖의 지질간에는 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 본 연구는 조사 지역과 규모면에서 많은 제한점이 있지만 앞으로 본 연구를 기본으로 다양한 지역과 납의 노출수준이 다른 많은 대상자 및 다양한 중금속을 비교 분석할 수 있는 다각적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.501-512
• /
• 2005

To assess the food habits and the seasonal differences of nutrient intakes and diet qualities of adult working women aged 30 - 49y in Busan, dietary survey was conducted in summer and in winter by a questionnaire and two-day food record. Anthropometric assessment was also investigated in two seasons. $91.8\%$ of those skipped breakfast in the main. $44.3\%$ had irregular meals. The mean daily energy intake was 1725.8 kcal with $63.3\%$ of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, $14.7\%$ by protein, $22.3\%$ by fat in summer and 1598.4 kcal with $62.1\%$ of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, $15.6\%$ by protein, $22.1\%$ by fat in winter. Over $70\%$ of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. The mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin A in summer and energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter were below Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Koreans. As well as insufficiency in iron, the bioavailability of iron is considered to have been low because most of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. For calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA were over $40\%$ in summer and over $50\%$ in winter, respectively. The nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) were below 0.75 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter. NARs of iron (p<0.05), vitamin A (p<0.01) and vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001) in winter were significantly lower than those in summer. The mean adequacy ratios (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.85 in summer and 0.80 in winter. The MAR in winter was significantly lower than that in summer (p < 0.05). The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were below 1 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter. The intake (p<0.05) and NAR (p<0.05) of vitamin $B_2$ showed positive significant correlations with height in winter. In conclusion, nutrient intake and diet quality of adult working women were different between the summer and the winter. So nutritional education programs for summer and winter are needed for adult working women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.539-549
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to examine food and nutrient intakes of weekday and weekend with 329 high school boys residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for breakfast skipping was the highest as compared with lunch and dinner skipping. Frequencies for breakfast and lunch skipping were significantly higher in weekend than weekday (p<0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food and animal food intakes were 1,327.6 g, 800.5 g, and 425.8 g, respectively. Total food and vegetable food intakes of weekday were significantly higher than weekend(p<0.05). The dietary variety score(DVS) was 20.5 in daily average, 23.3 in weekday and 15.1 in weekend, which showed significantly higher in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 2244.9 kcal, 89 g, 72.6 g, and 311.2 g, respectively. Fat intake was significantly lower and carbohydrate, fiber, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, folate, and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p<0.05). The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.8%, 28.8% in daily average, 56.8%, 15.8%, 27.4% in weekday and 53.6%, 15.8%, 30.7% in weekend, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate in weekday and weekend were below 60%, and that from fat was above 27% in weekday and weekend. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher and fat intake was significantly lower in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). Energy intakes of daily average, weekday and weekend were above 83% as compared with estimated energy requirement(EER). Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate were below 75% as compared with adequate intake(AI) or recommended intake(RI). Mean adequacy ratios(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.78 in daily average, 0.80 in weekday and 0.75 in weekend. MAR of weekend showed significantly lower than weekday(p<0.05). This study revealed that the overall nutrient intake status was worse in weekend than weekday among high school boys.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.805-812
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 꽃사슴에 있어서 사료내 단백질 수준이 녹용 생산성과 조성분 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 녹용 생산성 향상을 위한 기초자료로 제시하고자 꽃사슴 18두를 3개의 처리구로 나누어 각각 사료내 단백질 수준을 10%(T1), 15%(T2) 및 20%(T3)로 하여 녹용 성장기에 사양실험을 실시했다. 건물섭취량 및 조단백질 섭취량 그리고 일당 증체량은 사료의 단백질 수준이 증가함에 따라 높아져 처리간 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 생산된 녹용의 주간 길이 및 둘레의 경우도 사료의 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 증가하였으나 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 녹용 생산성은 역시 사료의 단백질 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하여(P<0.05) T1구에서 가장 낮은 생산량을 나타냈고 T3에서 가장 높은 생산량을 기록했다. 녹용의 조단백질은 T1구에 비해 T3구에서 다소 낮았으며 조회분은 반대의 경향을 나타냈으나 유의적 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 결론적으로 녹용의 생산성을 증가시키기 위해서는 사료내 단백질 수준을 적정 수준으로 유지해 줄 필요가 있으나 녹용 품질에는 별 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다.