• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.38 no.7
• /
• pp.570-577
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bone mineral density on life styles, dietary habits and nutrient intakes among the male college students. The subjects were divided into four groups; $Q_1$ (calcaneus BMD < 25 percentile, n = 117), $Q_2$ (25 percentile $\le$ calcaneus BMD < 50 percentile, n = 118), $Q_3$ (50 percentile $\le$ calcaneus BMD < 75 percentile, n = 118) $Q_4$ (calcaneus BMD $\ge$ 75 percentile, n = 116). And they were asked about general characteristics, life style, dietary habit, and nutrient intake using questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. They were measured the bone mineral density of calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound. The average age of the subjects of the study was 23.0 yews and the average height, weight, and BMI were 174.7 cm, 69.0 kg, $22.5 kg/m^2$. The bone mineral density in calcaneus was $0.43 g/cm^2$ in $Q_1,\;0.50 g/cm^2$ in $Q_2,\;0.56 g/cm^2$ in $Q_3$, and $0.69 g/cm^2$ in $Q_4$ (p < 0.001). The results showed that $Q_1$ tended to have irregular exercise compared to the other three groups. Compared with $Q_1$ and $Q_2$, the frequency of skipping breakfast was lower in $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. Also the results showed that the $Q_4$ was significantly more often to drink coffee compared with the other three groups (p < 0.01). The mean daily energy intake was 2210.6 kcal ($88.4\%$ of RDA). The intake of energy, vitamin $B_2$, calcium, and zinc did not meet the Korean RDA. Also the $Q_2$consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p < 0.05) and plant protein (p < 0.05) compared to the $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. The $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin $B_2$ (p < 0.01) compared to the $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. In conclusion, male student in lower bone mineral density appeared to have unhealthy life styles and dietary habits in terms of irregular exercise, high frequency of skipping breakfast and lower intakes of protein, vitamin $B_2$ showing a strong need proper education on meal practices and exercise habits for the bone health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.306-316
• /
• 2001

This study investigated the correlations between nutrient intake and dietary attitudes in Korean school dietitians. A total of 493 school dietitians working in the Kangwon and Kyungnam areas participated in this study. The subjects were classified as the good group(33.5%), fair group(36.9%) and bad group(29.6%) based on dietary attitude score. The results were as follows. The average intake of energy, calcium, and iron were lower than the Korean RDA and average CPF ratio of energy intake was 64 : 17 : 19. The percent RDAs of nutrient intake of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin B$_1$were lower in the bad group than those in the fair group and good groups(p < 0.001). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were different among the three groups(p < 0.001), the highest was 0.96 in the good group, the lowest was 0.88 in the bad group. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) was significantly higher in the good group than the other groups. The nutrient intakes were positively correlated with dietary attitudes(p < 0.01). The nutrient intakes, INQ, NAR and MAR were significantly increased as the dietary attitude score increased.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2003

Dietary counseling is undoubtedly important for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Several dietary counseling methods have been developed and used in Japan to promote healthier diets. However, in Japan, few studies have established effective counseling methods. We developed a computer-assisted tailored dietary counseling system with self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ) to assess nutrient intakes and the feedbacks for counseling. We examined the effectiveness of the system in three studies , two among mildly-hypercholesterolemic and one among healthy subjects. We observed significant changes in intakes of targeted nutrients in all three studies. We also observed favorable changes in the corresponding serum and urinary biomarkers in two studies, i.e., non-significant change in serum cholesterol, serum carotene and vitamin C, and a significant change in 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium. In addition, one of the studies observed a significant modified dietary habit for one-year after the intervention was completed. No unfavorable change was observed for non-targeted nutrients in all three studies. The dietary counseling system with DHQ was concluded to be effective among motivated high-risk and healthy subjects. The system's application to other diseases and populations such as children, adolescents, and elderly, should be examined further. (J Community Nutrition 5(2) : 112-119, 2003)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.356-367
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional education program conducted by public health center in Jinju city for obese women. The subjects of this study consisted of 27 obese women(BMI $\geq$ 25) aged 35∼55 years in Jinju area, and the educational period was 6 weeks. We evaluated the anthropometric parameters and biochemical indices, dietary habits, dietary behaviors, nutritional attitude of obese women before and after the nutritional education. And also daily intake during the educational period were measured. Weight, obesity index, BMT, waist circumferences and hip circumferences of obese women were significantly decreased(p<0.001) after nutritional education, but changes of WHR, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were not significant. There were no significant difference in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, LDH and blood glucose level in serum before and after the nutritional education, but the indices tend to decrease after the nutritional education. There was significantly different change of dietary behaviors in 3 items among the dietary behavior after the nutritional education. Their dietary habit, dietary behavior and nutritional attitude scores were significantly improved after the nutritional education. Mean daily energy intakes was low compared with the RDA as 78.88%. The average carbohydrates, protein, fat ratio on the energy intakes was 63 : 17 : 20. The proportion of energy intake from snacks the was 12.91${\pm}$6.15%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education providing school lunch by personalized daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System for adolescent athletes. Methods: The subjects were 60 sports high school students (educated group, 30 vs. noneducated group 30). Nutrition education was provided for 4 weeks (40 min/lesson/week). In addition, personalized school lunch was served for 4 weeks, nutrition education period. The personalized lunch were provided Food Exchange Units according to personalized daily needed energy. The lessons were '5 Major nutrients, functions and foods', 'My daily needed energy and food exchange units by Food Exchange System', 'My meal plan by food exchange units according to my daily needed energy' and 'Smart choice of healthy snacks and eating outs'. After nutrition education, we examined the differences in anthropometric characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake between the educated and the non-educated group. Results: We observed improvements in lean body mass in the educated group. With regard to nutrition knowledge, there were improvements in 'Functions of vitamins', 'Functions of minerals', 'Foods of fat', 'Foods of vitamin', and 'Foods of mineral' in the educated group. In relation to dietary attitude, there were improvements in 'Taking a meal with family and friend', 'Taking a meal at ease', 'Taking a meal with kimchi and vegetables', 'Taking a meal with three kinds of side dishes', 'Priority of choosing snacks' and 'Type of snacks' in the educated group. With regard to dietary intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, there were improvements in intakes levels of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. The index of nutrition quality, as indicated by nutrition adequacy ratio also improved in the educated group. Conclusions: These results showed that a nutrition education program providing education lessons and personalized school lunch by food exchange units according to daily needed energy showed positive changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of adolescent athletes. Nutrition education program providing personalized school lunch by Food Exchange Units may improve dietary behaviors and dietary intakes of adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.7
• /
• pp.585-587
• /
• 2004

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.187-196
• /
• 1990

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.114-124
• /
• 2005

The nutritional status of pre-school children is important for both physical growth and functional development. This study investigated the anthropometric, nutrient intakes and dietary quality of the pre-school children living in Asan for planning nutritional education program. The dietary intakes were measured by 2-day 24 hr recall recorded by children's mothers and the anthropometric data were collected by measuring children's weights, heights, and percent body fat at Asan Public Health Center. The children were 161 boys and 129 girls aged 5 and 6 years. When children's nutritional status was determined by their anthropometric status (underweight, normal weight and overweight) determined by z-score (normal range between -1.00 and 1.00), only 1.4% of the children belonged to underweight group while 55.7% and 42.9% belonged to normal and overweight groups, respectively. Significantly higher number of children belonged to overweight group for 5 year-olds. No differences were observed in nutrient intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) values among nutritional status groups. Intakes of the most nutrients were adequate, but NAR and INQ of calcium and zinc were low. When nutrient intakes, NAR and INQ were compared by sex or age, all nutrient intakes were appropriate except calcium and zinc intakes of 6 year-olds. Nutrient intakes of 5 years were higher than those of 6 years. The mean of nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.85 and mean INQ was 1.51 for all participants. The nutritional management program for pre-school children in Asan would be directed differently by age groups and education material should contain contents educating to consume moderate amount of food for 5 year-olds and to increase intake of foods with mineral nutrients such as calcium and zinc for 6 year-olds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.253-262
• /
• 1983

A survey was undertaken to investigate relationship between nutritional status and physical growth and behavior of school children. Dietary intakes, environmental factors, physical growth, personality, and cognitive development were measured in 323 children of 4 th and 6th grader in the urban and rural arcas. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The average intakes of the food groups and nutrients except ascorbic acid were lower in rural children. Comparing the intakes of the rural children with RDA of the Korean children, 64.0% of them in protein, 99.3% in calcium, 84.6% in iron, and 73.5% in riboflavin consumed less than 75% of RDA. Environmental factors were significantly related to the nutrient intakes 2) Height, weight, and head circumference were significantly related to the nutrient intakes. Retarded growth due to malnutrition was supposed in the $rural^{1)}$ area. 3) Some domains of personality were significantly related to nutrient intakes. 4) Environmental factors, physical growth, and nutrient intakes made independent contribution to variation in cognitive performance and their relative importance depended on the particular cognitive domain when stepwise multiple regression analyses were undertaken. Environmental stimulation was largely associated with verbal usage, and economic status and nutrient intakes with numerical reasoning. Above findings support that nutritional deprivation retards brain growth and performance on various cognitive dimensions of children. Therefore, amelioration of the several adverse social, economical, environmental influences as well as the improvement of dietary intake is required to bring about a substantial enhancement of the physical growth and the mental development of children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.174-189
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Korean infants, who were atending peripheral community clinics in low income areas, by anthropometric measurements and estimating dietary intakes. Dietary intakes and growth were compared among different feeding patterns of 143 infants until age 9 months. The overall mean nutrient intakes of infants in this study were below the recommended allowances except the calcium intake from significant difference in each groups; however, calcium, zinc and iron intake of the formula fed infant(FF) was higher than the breast fed infant(BF) or the mixed fed infant(MF). Form ages 4-6 months, the nutrient intakes were shown to be higher in groups that were given supplementary foods than groups that were not. From ages 7-9 months, all nutrient intakes were higher in or the formula and supplementary foods fed(ESF) infants than in the breast and supplementary food(BSF) or the formula and supplementary food(FSF) groups, All subjets in this study showed a large Z-score. The growth of infants up to 6 months of age showed no significant difference in the feeding pattern, however, after 7 months of age the BSF group had significantly lower weight than the FSF or the ESF groups, There were significant positive relationships between infants weight gain at age 7-9 months from birth and the current protein or zinc intakes. As a result the average status of nutrient intakes of infants in this area was loser than the RDA, however, the growth pattern was fairly good. Although the breast milk is beneficial for infants, mothers should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good mutrition(Korean J Community Nutrition 3 (2) : 174-189, 1998)