• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.579-582
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• 1989

Previous experiments have shown that aqueous sodium silicate ingested in drinking water may modify the gastrointestinal uptake and(or) tissue retention of certain trace elements, including heavy metals. The present experiment tested, with a mineral balance trial using sheep, the hypothesis that dietary silicic acid could modify uptake, retention and(or) biological effects of dietary Cd. Twenty-four wethers were fed a fibrous diet of ground alfalfa hay and cottonseed hulls to which either 0 or 150 ppm Cd was added as $CdCl_2$ and 0, .5 or 1% silicic acid (as dry matter of the diet). Body weight, feed intake, excretion of urine (volume) and feces (weight), digestibility of dry and organic matter, retention of nitrogen, and packed cell volumes of blood were not affected by either Cd or silicic acid (P<.10). Cadmium decreased (P<.05) Ca retention and increased (P<.01) Mg retention. Silicic acid decreased (P<.05) K retention. Silicic acid failed (P<.01) to modify the retention of added dietary Cd. Body retention of K, Mn and Ni in response to silicic acid varied with Cd levels. If Cd is interfering with mineral retention, silicic acid may be effective in preventing this interference.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 대구·경북지역 36개 폐광산 인근지역에서 생산되는 25개 농산물 1,059건에 대하여 카드뮴, 납, 비소 오염도 조사와 더불어 위험평가를 실시하였다. 정량한계는 카드뮴 0.59 ㎍/kg, 납 0.42 ㎍/kg, 총비소 0.55 ㎍/kg, 무기비소 화학종에서는 arsenite [(As(III)) 1.74 ㎍/kg], arsenate[(As(V)) 2.25 ㎍/kg]이었으며, 직선성은 모두 0.9995 이상으로 나타났고, 무기비소의 함량은 arsenite (As(III))와 arsenate(As(V))의 합으로 하였다. 평균 회수율은 카드뮴 96.3-97.7%, 납 95.8-98.2%, 총비소 96.1-98.0%, arsenite 94.8%, arsenate 115.4% 이었고, C.V.% (Coefficient of Varidation)는 모두 5% 미만으로 나타났다. 농산물의 중금속 평균 함량은 도라지 0.244±0.164 mg/kg, 대파 0.145±0.133 mg/kg, 참깨 0.124±0.136 mg/kg, 고사리 0.109±0.070 mg/kg, 취나물 0.103±0.093 mg/kg, 마늘 0.071±0.063 mg/kg의 순으로 카드뮴의 오염도가 높았고, 납은 참깨 0.040±0.085 mg/kg, 도라지 0.039±0.056 mg/kg, 고구마 0.034±0.058 mg/kg, 들깻잎 0.034±0.016 mg/kg, 호박 0.032±0.065 mg/kg, 매실 0.028±0.012 mg/kg의 순으로 높은 오염도를 보였다. 무기비소는 쌀에 한하여 조사되었는데 평균 0.082±0.035 mg/kg의 오염도를 보였다. 카드뮴의 경우 쌀 1.19×10^-1 ㎍/kg b.w./day(14.37% of PTMI), 대파 2.77×10^-2 ㎍/kg b.w./day(3.34% of PTMI), 감자 2.08×10^-2 ㎍/kg b.w./day(2.51% of PTMI), 사과 1.39×10^-2 ㎍/kg b.w./day(1.67% of PTMI), 양파 1.13×10^-2 ㎍/kg b.w./day(1.37% of PTMI)의 순이었고, 납의 경우 사과 1.29×10^-2 ㎍/kg b.w./day (2.05% of PTWI), 고구마 7.49×10^-3 ㎍/kg b.w./day (1.19% of PTWI), 쌀 7.15×10^-3 ㎍/kg b.w./day (1.14% of PTWI), 호박 5.01×10^-3 ㎍/kg b.w./day (0.79% of PTWI), 양파 4.80×10^-3 ㎍/kg b.w./day (0.76% of PTWI)의 순으로 납 노출량이 높았다. 본 연구의 조사대상 25개 품목 농산물을 모두 일시에 섭취한다고 가정하였을 경우, 카드뮴은 PTMI 대비 28.21%, 납은 PTWI 대비 7.94%, 무기비소는 쌀 단일품목에 한해 PTWI 대비 15.16%의 위해도를 보임으로써, 본 연구에서 진행하였던 중금속에 대한 인체 위해정도는 우려할 수준이 아닌 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 버섯류 5품목에 대한 중금속 (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)의 함량을 조사하고 확률론적 방법을 적용하여 버섯류의 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 분석결과에 대한 유효성 검증을 위하여 표준인증물질을 분석한 결과 98.03~104.06%의 회수율을 얻었다. 주산지역의 버섯류 5종을 각 품목당 30종씩 모니터링한 결과, 비소의 평균함량은 0.035 mg/kg, 카드뮴은 0.017 mg/kg, 납은 0.043 mg/kg, 수은은 0.004 mg/kg으로 기준이 설정되어 있는 항목에 대해서는 EU 기준 (Cd 0.2 mg/kg, Pb 0.3 mg/kg) 대비 모두 기준 이하였다. 버섯류 중 중금속 노출 기여도가 높은 버섯은 표고>느타리>양송이 순이었으며, 버섯류 5종 모두 위해성 평가 결과 위해지수 1.0 이하로 위해성이 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 비소, 카드뮴, 납, 수은을 모두 합산하여 위해지수를 분석한 결과 일반인의 경우 0.003, 고섭취군인 경우 0.008로 인체 위해성이 없는 것으로 확인하였으며, 모든 식품 중 중금속 노출량에 대한 버섯류의 기여도를 감안하면 식이를 통한 안전에는 문제가 없는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2014

Objectives: Children are more susceptible to heavy metal toxicity than adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Korean preschoolers and investigate the association between metals in blood and related factors. Methods: A total of 512 subjects from 36 to 83 months of age were sampled. A questionnaire survey was performed and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were measured in the blood samples of all subjects. Their parents were interviewed in order to obtain information on basic characteristics, dietary patterns, socio-economic factors, and indoor/outdoor environment of the preschoolers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the above factors and lead, mercury or cadmium concentrations. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in the blood were $1.45{\pm}1.58{\mu}g/dL$, $2.14{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}1.91{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were associated with birth weight and paternal smoking status. Daily mercury intake from food and maternal education were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in blood. Also, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with maternal age and having a bus garage near the place of residence. Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking status, dietary patterns and the environmental status near the residence should be considered as important factors for preventable sources of heavy metal exposure in preschoolers.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.348-357
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in the soil and the level of heavy metals in the blood or urine of 216 local residents living near abandoned metal mines. Methods: Residents around abandoned metal mines were interviewed about their dietary habits, including seafood consumption, medical history, cigarette smoking, and drug history. Metal concentrations in the soil were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan). Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents in the blood or urine were analyzed by GF-AAS (AA-6800, Shimadzu). Mercury (Hg) contents in the blood were determined by means of a mercury analyzer (SP-3DS, NIC). Arsenic (As) content in the soil and urine were measured by a HG-AAS (hydride vapor generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Results: The heavy metal concentrations in the soil showed a log normal distribution and the geometric means of the four villages were 8.61 mg/kg for Pb, 0.19 mg/kg for Cd, 1.81 mg/kg for As and 0.035 mg/kg for Hg. The heavy metal levels of the 216 local residents showed a regular distribution for Pb, Cd, Hg in the blood and As in the urine. The arithmetic means were 3.37 ${\mu}g$/dl for Pb, 3.07 ${\mu}g$/l for Cd and 2.32 ${\mu}g$/l for Hg, 10.41 ${\mu}g$/l for As, respectively. Conclusions: As a result of multi-variate analysis for the affecting factors on the bodily heavy metal concentrations, gender and concentration in the soil (each, p<0.01) for blood lead levels; gender and smoking status (each, p<0.01) for blood cadmium levels; gender (p<0.01) for urine arsenic levels; gender, age and concentration in the soil (p<0.01) for blood mercury levels were shown to be the affecting factors.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2015

Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2022

Despite the beneficial aspect of fish consumption, bioaccumulation of toxic metals such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) can enhance the health risk for the consumers. Arsenic and Hg concentrations were measured in edible tissue and two targeted organs, namely gill and liver of longtail tuna species (Thunnus tonggol) from Terengganu waters, including Kuala Besut, Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Kemaman. The concentration of As and Hg were analysed by using inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of both elements were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the locations and targeted organs. The hierarchy of As and Hg mean concentrations in muscle samples were Dungun > Kuala Besut > Kemaman > Kuala Terengganu. The mean concentration of As in all samples, including muscle, exceeded the permitted level set by Malaysia Food Act. Estimate Weekly Intake (EWI) was conducted to assess the health risk effect, and 63 kg was used as the average body weight of Malaysian adults. However, the EWI values show that the weekly intake of As and Hg does not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake limit suggested by Food and Agricultural Organization for the United Nations and is considered safe to be consumed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.597-607
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• 1996

This study has been investigated the potenial of increased dietary cysteine to alter the effects of cadmium and lead on tissure and bone metal concentrations, excretion and tissue metallothionein(MT) concentrations. Fifty-four male rats of Sprgue-Dawley strain weighing 149$\pm$17g were divided into 9 groups according to body weight. Nine experimental diets with different cadmium (0ppm, 400ppm), lead(0ppm, 710ppm) and cysteine (0.06%, 0.45%, 0.90%) levels were given to rats for 30 days ; Food intake, weight gain, F.E.R, and weights of liver, kidney and femur were decreased in cadmium supplied groups than in cadmium free groups. Urinary and fecal cadmium excretions were increased and MT synthesis we induced in liver, kidney and small intestine in cadmium supplied groups. In lead supplied groups, weight gain and F.E.R were decreased. With cysteine supplementation in cadmium supplied groups, weight gain and F.E.R, and weights of liver, kidney and femur were increased. Cadmium excretion in feces and MT concentrations in liver and kidney were also increased with cysteine supplementation. In lead supplied groups, there was no significant increase in food intake, weight gain and F.E.R with cysteine supplementation. Lead excretion in feces was increased in cysteine supplemented groups. In conclusion, effect of cadmium administration was more toxic than lead adminstration. Cysteine alleviated cadmium and lead toxicity by increasing metallothionein concentration and fecal excretions of heavy metals. Especially, effect of cysteine supplementation was more effective in cadmium groups than in lead groups. Effect of cysteine supplementation was not different with level of cysteine supplementation in both cadmium and lead groups.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2015

With the diversification and internationalization of the food industry and the increased focus on health from a majority of consumers, food safety policies are being implemented based on scientific evidence. Risk analysis represents the most useful scientific approach for making food safety decisions. Total diet study (TDS) is often used as a risk assessment tool to evaluate exposure to hazardous elements. Many countries perform TDSs to screen for chemicals in foods and analyze exposure trends to hazardous elements. TDSs differ from traditional food monitoring in two major aspects: chemicals are analyzed in food in the form in which it will be consumed and it is cost-effective in analyzing composite samples after processing multiple ingredients together. In Korea, TDSs have been conducted to estimate dietary intakes of heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, persistent organic pollutants, and processing contaminants. TDSs need to be carried out periodically to ensure food safety.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품위생안전성학회 1994년도 하계 학술 심포지움
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• pp.7-15
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• 1994

Dietary life of Korean population was greatly improved by the increased food production, enlarged food processing and betterment of food distribution system during the last three decades. On the other hand, food pollution issues have arisen from the increased use of chemicals and advancements in analytical techniques and toxicological information. The health risk of hazardous substances in Korean diet was estimated to be in the decreasing order of heavy metals>pesticide residues>food additives>mycotoxins>radionuclides>PCBs whereas consumers do not recognize it in the same order. It is needed to evaluate the food safety more accurately based on scientific evidences and to adopt reasonable regulatory measures in Korea for the benefits of people's health and national interest.