• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.88-92
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to study the intake of heavy metals such af arsenic, lead and cobalt and the relationship of dietary heavy metals with serum iron, topper, and zinc, which play important roles in hematopoiesis, in healthy college women living in Choongnam Korea, where we have detected heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) in some marine products in previous studies. The nutritional status of the subjects (35 women) was evaluated by anthropometric measurements, 24-hr dietary recall for 3 days. And 3-day diets (by weighing method) and blood were collected to analyze As, Pb, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hb, Hct, and MCHC. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI were 20 years, 158 cm, 55 kg and 22.42 kg/$m^2$, respectively. The mean daily energy intake was 85.85% of RDA for Koreans. The ratio of energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat was 60 : 24 : 16. The mean daily intake of heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) was 1.77 mg/day, 75.21 $\mu$g/day and 21.12 $\mu$g/day. And the mean daily intake of iron, copper, and Zinc concentrations were 97, 68, and 92% of normal values. The mean serum heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) were 16.14 $\mu$g/dl, 4.32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 0.02 $\mu$g/dr, respectively Mean blood levels of Fe, Cu, Zn, Hb, Hct, and MCHC were at normal levels. Dietary heavy metals except Co were not significantly different from serum Fe, Cu, Zn and Hb, Hct, and MCHC. However, there was a tendency toward lower serum concentration of Fe, Hb, Hct, and MCHC in the subjects with higher heavy metals (As) intake. Among heavy metals, only dietary Co showed a significant negative correlation with Hb (p< 0.001) and Hct (p < 0.001).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.293-304
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effects of peking-duck extracts added with medicinal herbs(DJ) on the intoxication of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, As) in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150$\pm$15g, were randomly assigned to groups: basal diet only in normal control group(NCG): basal diet and heavy metals without DJ injection in heavy metal control group(HMC); basal diet, heavy metals and DJ(3mg/ml) injection in heavy metal low duck-juice group(HMLD), basal diet, heavy metals and DJ(30mg/ml) injection in heavy metal middle duck-juice group(HMMD): basal diet, heavy metal and DJ(300mg/ml) injection in heavy metal high duck-juice group(HMHD). Hg and As was injected by 50ppm and Cd and Pb by 25ppm for 17days. Also DJ oral feeding was conducted for 28days. The result of this study were as follows: Food intake and body weight gain in heavy metal administered groups were lower than those of NCG. Liver, kidney and testis weights were not significantly different among 5 groups. GOT, GPT and BUN activities were significantly reduced in DJ treated groups as compared to HMC. DJ showed the suppressing effect on the accumulation of Hg, Pb and Cd in serum, liver and kidney. Fecal Hg and Cd excretions increased with DJ feeding. The results suggested that DJ may have some protective effects on Hg, Cd and Pb intoxication by reducing the accumulation in tissues and increasing excretion. This study also showed the effective way of using duck-extract and its application to the oriental medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2001

As the severity of environmental pollution increases, the foodstuffs are contaminated more the ever. There are 40 kinds of heavy metals that we are able to consume through the heavy metal contaminated-foodstuffs. Arsenic, lead, cadmium, and chromium out or them have been know to be a potential cause for a alzheimers disease, kidney diseases, and cancer. However, research data on the daily intakes of such heavy metals are limited. This study was performed to evaluate the daily intakes of nutrients and the dietary heavy metals of the college women living in Choongchung-NamDo Area, where had been reported to have high contents of heavy metals for the seafoods. We also investigated the blood levels of the heavy metals. The mean age, height, weight, BMI and percent ideal body weight(PIBW) of the subjects were 20$\pm$1.0yr, 158.4$\pm$0.7cm, 55.1$\pm$1.4kg, 22.4$\pm$.04, and 103.3$\pm$2.5 %, resp-ectivly. The mean of daily energy intake was 1,717.03$\pm$55.99kacl/day(86% of RDA for women). The ratio to energy from carbohydrate, fat and protein was 60: 24: 16. Daily intakes of Vit A, Vit B$_2$, CA, and Fe were under the RDA for those nutrients. The mean adequate ratio of the subjects was 0.92 . The daily intakes of heavy metal, such as As, Pb, Co, Cr and Mn , were 1.80$\pm$0.27mg, 75.21$\pm$4.12$\mu\textrm{g}$, 21.12$\pm$12.34$\mu\textrm{g}$, 60.07$\pm$6.24$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 6.23 $\pm$0.12mg respectively. the blood levels of As, Pb, Co, Cr and Mn were 16.10$\pm$2.10$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 4.32$\pm$0.58$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 0.02$\pm$0.01$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 4.23$\pm$0.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, and 4.40$\pm$0.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, respectively. In conclusion, daily intake of heavy metals for the college women living in Choongchung-NamDo area was lower than that of WHOs re-commendation, however, the blood levels of each heavy metals were higher than those of Japanese, american, and italian, There were no correlations between the dietary intakes and blood levels of each heavy metals. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):48-53, 2001)

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2001

인체의 중금속 노출은 식품이 대부분을 차지하고 있어 세계 어느나라나 인체건강의 유지라는 측면에서 깊은 관심을 쏟고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내산 식품의 중금속 함량과 식이섭취량에 관련된 연구결과를 총정리하였으며 외국자료와 비교함으로써 중금속의 위해성을 평가하였다. 식품군별(해산어류, 연안패류, 담수어류, 곡류)로 비소, 카드뮴, 수은, 납의 4가지 금속원소의 함량에 대한 연차적 변화추세를 분석한 결과 1970년대보다는 1980년대, 그리고 1990년대로 올수록 중금속의 평균농도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 중금속의 국내기준과 비교하였을 때 평균치로는 기준을 초과하는 경우가 없었으나 최고치로는 기준을 초과하는 경우가 드물게 발견되었다. 한국인에 의한 중금속의 식이섭취량 데이터를 요약하면 1980년대보다는 1990년대에 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 중금속 중 As, Hg의 평균섭취량은 PTWI의 6∼8%, Cd, Pb은 50∼80%수준으로 모두 허용량을 밑돌고 있으나 특정식품을 많이 먹는 극단소비량으로 계산한다면 PTWI를 초과할 수 있으므로 심도있는 평가가 요구된다. 한국인에 의한 Cd, Hg, Pb의 식이섭취량은 여러 국가에 대한 GEMS/Food 데이터와 비교시 중위권에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 식품 중에서 수산물은 Hg, Cd 및 As의 오염이, 일반식품은 Pb의 오염이 우려되고 있으므로 이들 중금속에 대한 법적기준을 설정하여 중금속에 의한 오염 진행상황을 감시해야 될 것이다. 나아가 모든 급원(음식물, 공기, 불, 직업적 노출)으로부터 중금속의 총 노출량을 평가하고 식생활에서의 위해요소를 확인함으로써 식량자원의 안전성을 확보할 수 있게 되기를 바란다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.617-625
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 조제분유 및 조제식의 중금속 함량 실태 조사를 통해 우리나라 영 유아가 해당 식품을 섭취할 경우 중금속 노출수준에 따른 위해성을 평가하였다. 중금속 함량 실태조사를 위해 국내 유통 중인 조제분유 및 조제식 204건을 수거하여 분석한 결과, 납 함량은 평균 0.0004(조제우유)-0.010(영유아용 조제식) mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 함량은 평균 0.002(조제우유)-0.007(성장기용 조제식) mg/kg이었으며 비소 함량은 평균 0.004(조제우유)-0.040(영유아용 조제식) mg/kg이었다. 조제분유 및 조제식을 최대로 섭취할 경우 중금속 노출량은 $0.78-1.04{\mu}g$ Pb/d, $0.65-0.87{\mu}g$ Cd/d, $2.25-3.00{\mu}g$ As/d으로 인체섭취한계량의 2.0-4.5%, 7.1-16.0%, 0.4-0.9%이었다. 따라서, 국내 유통되는 조제분유 및 조제식 섭취로 인한 중금속 노출수준은 JECFA 및 WHO의 인체노출안전기준보다 낮은 위해도를 보임으로써, 우리나라 영 유아는 조제분유 및 조제식에 존재하는 중금속의 위해성으로부터 안전한 것으로 사료된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.465-474
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals 'mercury(Hg), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), arsenic(As), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), chrome(Cr) and manganese(Mn)' in root vegetables which were produced in Korea. The levels of heavy metals were determined using a mercury analyzer, an ICP(inductively coupled plasma spectrometer) and an AAS(atomic absorption spectrophotometer) after wet digestion. The values of heavy metals 'mean(minimum-maximum)' mg/kg(ppm) in root vegetables (radish, turnip, carrot, ginger, edible burdock, taro, Chinese yam, east indian lotus) were as follows ; Hg : 0.0019(0.0002${\~}$0.0062), Cd : 0.0088(ND${\~}$0.0402), Pb : 0.021(ND${\~}$0.1070), As : 0.0401(ND${\~}$0.1732), Zn : 1.865(0.4186${\~}$6.9319), Cu : 0.648 (0.1826${\~}$4.0172), Cr : 0.121(0.0132${\~}$1.2030), and Mn : 2.730(0.0477${\~}$10.0468) mg/kg. These results showed that Hg were generally similar to and Cd was lower but Ph, As, Zn, Co, Mn were little higher than the levels of those reported contents in root vegetables on retail markets in Korea. Although the tolerable limit of Cd and Hg is not set in a regulation of WHO/FAO, the tested mean levels(Pb, As, Zn, Cu) were lower than the regulated ones of WHO/FAO, Pb '0.1-2.0', As '1.0', Zn '5.0', and Cu 0.1${\~}$50 mg/kg from vegetables. Therefore, root vegetables sold in the retail markets were evaluated as safe in terns of the heavy metal contents.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

다년생 근채류인 인삼, 산양삼, 더덕, 도라지의 중금속 함량 실태조사를 통해 우리나라 국민의 식품 섭취로 인한 중금속 노출수준에 따른 위해성을 평가하였으며, 이를 위해 총 214건을 수거하였다. 근채류 중 납, 카드뮴 및 비소 함량분석을 위해 microwave장치를 이용해 전처리한 후 ICP/MS로 측정하는 시험법을 확립하였다. 중금속의 검출한계는 0.010~0.050 μg/kg이었으며 정량한계는 0.035~0.175 μg/kg이었다. 표준용액 첨가법과 CRM을 이용하여 회수율을 실험한 결과, 76~102%의 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 다년생 근채류 중 납 함량은 평균 0.013(인삼)~0.070(산양삼) mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 함량은 평균 0.009(인삼)~0.034(더덕) mg/kg이었으며 비소 함량은 평균 0.002(인삼)~0.004(도라지) mg/kg이었다. 다년생 근채류 섭취에 따른 중금속 위해성 평가를 수행한 결과, 중금속 노출량은 각각 Pb 0.070 μg/day, Cd 0.041 μg/day, As 0.008 μg/day으로 인체섭취한계량의 0.03%, 0.08%, 0.0003% 수준이었다. 따라서, 국내 유통되는 인삼, 산양삼, 더덕 및 도라지 섭취로 인한 중금속 노출수준은 JECFA 등의 인체노출안전기준보다 매우 낮았으며 우리나라 국민은 다년생 근채류에 존재하는 중금속의 위해성으로부터 안전하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.454-465
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the recognition level of food contamination with residual pesticides and hazardous heavy metals from 365 male and female adults in Taejon area using questionnaires. Among the recognizing level of residual pesticides in overall foods, 69.1% were 'serious', 25.6% were 'average' and 5.3% were 'not serious'. Over 94.7% of the subjects recognized residual pesticides pollution infoods. for hazardous heavy metals in food, 47.8% responsed as 'serious', 40.5% as 'average' and 11.8 as ' not serious' . Over 88.3% of the subjects recognized contaminated pesticides seriously in fruits, 72.1% in vegetables and 51.7% in cereals, whereas 55.7% of the subjects recognized hazardous heavy metal contamination seriously in fruits, 53.4% in vegetables, 40.8% in fishes and shellfishes and 35.0% in seaweeds. The subjects recognized residual pesticides contamination more seriously in overall foods, cereal, potatoes and starches, bean, vegetables and fruits, whereas hazardous heavy metal contamination was recognized more seriously in fishes and shellfishes, and seaweeds food groups. Comparisons were shown based on individuial's occupation. Farmer, forester, iner and fisher showed the lowest recognizing level of food contamination in most food groups. The mean score of the dietary effect by mass media's information on food contamination from residual pesticides and hazardous heavy metals were 3.51±0.96 out of 5 points. By Duncan's multiple range test, sex, age, marriage, food cost per month, concerns about health and nutrition knowledge showed significant differences in the mean effect score at p<0.05. According to a pesticides contamination in several food groups were affected by food cost per month, mass media's information on food contamination, health status, and concerns about health, But a recognition level of hazardous heavy metals in food were affected by income and, food cost per month mass media's information on food contamination, health status, concern about health and nutrition knowledge. People who need to take extreme precautions of food contamination were in order of producers, government officials, homemakers, the consumer's association and consumers.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2019

본 연구는 인삼과 산양삼의 부위별 중금속 분포양상을 조사하여 중금속 식이노출 저감화 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 인삼과 산양삼은 지역별 배분을 통해 각각 14개 지역 및 5개 지역에서 시료를 채취하였으며, 각 부위별 중량 및 중금속 함량을 분석하였다. 중금속 분석을 위해 microwave 장치를 이용해 전처리한 후 납, 카드뮴 및 비소는 ICP-MS로 측정하고 알루미늄은 ICP를 이용한 분석법을 확립하였다. 인삼의 겉껍질은 전체의 16.2% 중량비를 차지하였으며, 산양삼의 겉껍질 및 잔뿌리는 각각 전체의 21.8%, 16.8%의 중량비를 차지하였다. 각 부위별 중량비와 중금속 농도를 고려하여 각 부위별 중금속 분포도를 산출하였다. 인삼 및 산양삼의 겉껍질은 전체에 차지하는 중량비에 비해 높은 중금속 함유량을 보이고 있었으며, 인삼의 경우 납의 40.3%, 카드뮴 25.9%, 비소 47.6%, 알루미늄 89.9%가 겉껍질에 잔존하고 있었으며 산양삼의 경우 납 27.2%, 카드뮴 28.2%, 비소 48.3%, 알루미늄 56.8%가 겉껍질에 존재하였다. 알루미늄을 제외하고 산양삼의 잔뿌리내 중금속 분포량은 겉껍질과 유의적 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 인삼 및 산양삼의 겉껍질을 벗기고 섭취한다면 중금속 식이노출량을 크게 줄일 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.458-467
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• 1986

서울시내의 대중음식점에서의 판매되는 식사 유해 중금속 (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn)의 오염정도를 분석하고 이들 식사로 부터 섭취하게 되는 중금속의 1일 총섭취량을 계산하였다. 시료는 설릉탕(또는 갈비탕), 육개장, 된장찌게백반, 비빔밥, 비빔냉면이며 이들을 다시 고형물과 국물로 분리하여 원자흡광분광광도계로 중금속 함량을 분석 하였다. 전 지역의 식사 105점중 고형물과 국물에서의 평균 농도는 각각 Cd 0.034ppm, 0.017ppm, Pb 0.179ppm, 0.073ppm, Cu 0.491ppm, 0.308ppm, Zn 4.624ppm, 1.403ppm이었으며 대중식사 1식당 중금속의 평균함량은 Cd $28{\mu}g$, Pb $145{\mu}g$, Cu $416{\mu}g$, Zn $3654{\mu}g$이었다. 대중식사로 부터 섭취하게 되는 중금속의 1인당 1일 총섭취량을 추정해보면 Cd $84\;{\mu}g$, Pb $434\;{\mu}g$으로 FAO/WHO의 허용량보다 약간 높았으나 Cu와 Zn은 유해한 수준이 아니었다.