• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.12.1-12.8
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• 2020

Background: An 8-week feeding trial was designed to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworm (MW; Tenebrio molitor) as a locally available nutrient-rich feedstuff for rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Methods: Triplicate groups of fish (mean ± SE; 1.11 ± 0.01 g) were assigned to each of the five isonitrogenous and isocaloric practical diets containing graded level of a full fat MW (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28%) at the expense of fish meal (designated as MW0, MW7, MW14, MW21, and MW28, respectively). Results: Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate significantly increased with increasing dietary MW level up to 14% and then declined when dietary MW levels further increased to 28%. Significantly higher protein efficiency ratio and lower feed conversion ratio were found in fish fed with diets containing MW compared to fish fed the control MW0. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly higher in fish fed MW7 diet compared to fish fed the MW0 diet. Fish fed the MW14 and MW28 diets had significantly higher lysozyme activities than those fed the MW0 diet. Conclusions: Overall, the efficacy of MW as promising alternative to fish meal in practical diets for rainbow trout fry has been proved not only in relation to growth rates and feed utilization, but also from the viewpoint of immunopotentiation effects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2013

There is little information on dietary vitamin K intake and nutritional status of daily requirements of vitamin K in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the vitamin K intake and major food sources of Vitamin K in Koreans. The survey data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 7,792 subjects (aged 19-64 years) were examined. Total vitamin K intake was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using a vitamin K food database, Computer Aided Nutritional analysis Program and the United States Department of Agriculture database. The geometric mean of vitamin K was estimated as $322.40{\pm}6.33ug/day$ for men and $271.20{\pm}4.92ug/day$ for women. Daily vitamin K intake increased significantly with age (p for trend < 0.001). The main food source of vitamin K was vegetables (72.84%), including cabbage kimchi (19.26%), spinach (17.38%), sesame leaves (7.11%), radish leaves (6.65%), spring onions (6.28%), and laver (4.82%), followed by seaweed, seasonings, and fat and oils. We observed that the vitamin K intake of Koreans was relatively higher than that reported by other studies in Western countries and differed depending on age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.685-691
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu) on performance, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism in lambs. Fifty DorperMongolia wether lambs (approximately 3 month of age; 23.80.6 kg of body weight) were housed in individual pens and were assigned randomly to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 4) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl; TBCC), 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride. The Cu concentration was 6.74 mg/kg DM in the basal diet. Body weight was measured on two consecutive days at the start and the end of the 60-day experimental period. Blood samples were collected and then the lambs were slaughtered on d 60. Performance was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary Cu treatment. Cu-supplemented and control lambs had similar hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area, but Cu supplementation, regardless of source and level, reduced (p<0.01) 12th rib backfat and kidney fat in lambs. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and serum triglyceride concentrations were increased (p<0.05), total cholesterol concentrations were decreased (p<0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations tended to be increased (p<0.07) by Cu supplementation. However, Serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. These results indicate that Cu-lysine and TBCC are of similar availability in lambs. Cu supplementation given to DorperMongolia wether lambs altered lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering TNF- metabolism in lambs. Supplementation of 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM showed similar effects on lipid metabolism in lambs.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.516-525
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• 2010

아마인의 유용성분에 대해서 알아보고 가열과정을 통한 성분변화 및 다른 종유작물과 유지의 물리화학적 성분과 비교, 평가하였다. 조지방은 37~43%, 탄수화물은 30~35%, 조단백질은 18~23%, 조회분은 3~4% 그리고 수분 함량은 0.2~6.8%의 함량을 나타내었다. 식이섬유 함량은 생아마인보다 가열 처리한 볶음 아마인에서 SDF의 함량이 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 상대적으로 IDF의 함량도 감소하기 때문에 TDF의 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 총 식이섬유 함량은 28~31%로 높은 함량을 보였다. 또한 아마인의 주요 유용성분을 살펴본 결과, 비타민은 ${\gamma}$-tocopherol(E), 아미노산은 agrginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid가 높은 함량을 보였다. 이들은 생아마인보다 볶음 아마인에서 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 아마인의 무기물 함량을 분석한 결과, 칼슘, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 인이 주요 구성성분이었다. 물리화학적인 특징으로 요오드가, 비누화가, 산가를 분석하였으며, 브라운 아마인유는 각각 204.1 g/100 g, 193.6 mg/g, 1.59 mg/g을 나타내었으며, 골드 아마인유는 각각 203.0 g/100 g, 189.9 mg/g, 2.35 mg/g으로 조사되었다. 아마인유의 지방산 함량에서는 전체적인 구성 비율을 볼 때 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid(ALA, C18:3n-3)가 약 55.5~56.1% 로 가장 높은 함량을 차지하였다. 그리고 브라운보다는 골드 아마인유의 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid의 함량이 약간 높았다. 높은 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid 함량은 아마인유가 오메가-3 지방산이 강화된 식품 개발에 좋은 자원이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한 다가 불포화지방산 함량이 약 71%로 함유되어 있으며, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid 등 필수지방산의 함량이 높아 식품의 영양학적인 의의가 크며, 양질의 식용유로 사용 가능할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Finger millet straw and rice straw are the major source of dry roughage in southern India. They distinctly vary in their morphological and nutritional characters. Hence an effort was made to study the nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in crossbred dairy cows fed either finger millet (group 1) or rice straw (group 2) as a source of dry roughage. The cows in both the groups were fed as per requirement with concentrate, green fodder and straw in the ratio of 30:45:25 parts (DM). At the end of 50 days of preliminary feeding a digestibility trial was conducted for 7 days and pooled samples of feed, fodder, feces, urine and milk were analysed for macro and micro nutrient content. Finger millet straw contained more CP, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co than rice straw and rice straw contained higher ADF, ash and silica. The intake of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and most micronutrients (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Co) was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw and the gut absorption of Ca, Cu, Mn and Co was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The dietary requirement of all micronutrients in both the group of cows could be met irrespective of the type of roughage fed except that of Ca, which was low (0.61 and 0.40%) in rice straw fed cows. The average daily milk yield (L/cow) was also higher (7.0 L) in cows fed finger millet straw as compared to cows fed rice straw (6.3 L). The average milk composition also did not differ except that of milk fat which was significantly (4.7 and 4.5%) low in cows fed rice straw. The overall results of this study have indicated that finger millet straw is a better source of dry fodder than rice straw and while feeding rice straw as the sole roughage to dairy cows there is need to supplement additional calcium as this could be one of the limiting nutrients for milk production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2004

사료 지방의 종류에 따른 반추위 내 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율 및 영양소 소화율을 조사하기 위하여 반추위와 십이지장에 누관이 설치된 4마리의 홀스타인 젖소를 4 ${\times}$ 4 라틴 방각법 대사실험을 수행하였다. 공시축들은 조사료 60% 및 농후사료 40% 비율의 완전혼합사료 형태로 급여하였다. 농후사료 내 지방원으로써 Megalac(MEG), 포름알데히드 처리 아마 종실(LIN), 어유와 포름알데히드 처리 아마종실 혼합(MIX; 50 : 50, oil basis), 그리고 농후사료 내 지방을 첨가하지 않고 아마유를 십이지장에 하루 500g 주입한 것(OIL)을 포함하여 총 4개의 처리구를 두었다. 반추위 pH는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았으나(P < 0.05), Ammonia N 농도는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차가 없었다. Total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate 및 iso-valerate 농도 또한 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 반면에 butyrate와 valerate는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 높았고, MEG 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.05). DM, OM, NDF 및 ADF 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 그러나, 십이지장으로의 영양소들의 flow, 반추위와 전장 소화율은 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 질소 (N) 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 십이지장으로의 total N, nonammonia N 및 microbial N flow는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 그리고, 미생물합성효율, ammonia N 및 total N의 반추위 및 전장 소화율 또한 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 따라서, 본 실험결과는 사료 내 6% 정도의 지방원료 첨가는 형태와 종류에 상관없이 반추위 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율, 반추위 및 전장 내 영양소 이용효율을 감소 시키지 않음을 나타내고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1249-1255
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of CLA, flaxseed oil and fish oil and their combination forms on crude fat of liver and fatty acid profiles of liver, breast and thigh meat in broiler chicks. A total of 72, 1-day-old Cobb broilers were assigned to 6 groups, and fed an experimental diet supplemented with 5 different fat sources; conjugated linoleic acid (2% CLA), flaxseed oil (2% FXO), fish oil (2% FHO), CLA and flaxseed oil combination (1:1; 2% CXO), and CLA and fish oil combination (1:1; 2% CHO). Eight birds per treatment were processed, and liver, breast and thigh samples were investigated at 21 d of age. As a result of this study, most fatty acids of liver, breast and thigh meat were influenced by fat sources supplemented in the diet (p<0.05). CLA addition resulted in an increase of crude fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content but a concomitant decrease in n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio was observed in liver (p<0.05). Moreover, the same trends of SFA and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio were also observed in breast and thigh meats of birds fed CLA alone. In the CXO-fed group or CHO-fed group, n-3 and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio in both breast and thigh meat increased compared with CLA group, while SFA content decreased (p<0.05). FHO fed-groups had the lowest proportion of n-6 fatty acid in both breast and thigh meats compared to other fat source treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased levels of crude fat and SFA in liver and meats obtained by feeding CLA could be reduced by its combination with FXO or FHO. In addition, the combination of CLA and FXO or FHO fed to broiler chicks could increase the n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio of their meat along with the deposition of CLA.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2014

본 연구는 급이 지방원의 차이가 육계의 생산성, 도체특성, 혈액특성 및 분내 미생물 조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시험을 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 1일령 ROSS 308 768수로 공시하였고, 시험 개시 체중은 39.68 ± 0.14 g으로 32일간 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 1) SBO, basal diet + soybean oil, 2) PF, basal diet + poultry fat, 3) TAL, basal diet + tallow 및 4) LARD, basal diet + lard로 4개 처리구로 나누고 처리당 12반복, 반복당 16수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 1-14일령의 생산성에 있어서는 증체량에서 TAL 처리구가 PF 및 LARD 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났고, 사료섭취량에서 TAL 처리구가 SBO, PF 및 LARD 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 전체 시험기간동안의 증체량에서 SBO 및 TAL 처리구가 LSRD 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 혈중 LDL cholesterol 함량은 우지 처리구가 돈지 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 도체 특성은 가슴육의 적색도에서 PF 및 TAL 처리구가 LARD 처리구보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 그러나 명도 및 황색도에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 장기 무게에 있어서 또한, 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 분내 미생물 조성에서도 Lactobacillus 및 Escherichia coli에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈중 LDL cholesterol 함량에 있어서 TAL 처리구가 LARD 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 혈중 AST, total triglycerides 및 HDL cholesterol 함량에 있어서는 처리구 간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터, 본 시험에서는 육계 사료내 대두유 및 우지 첨가시 증체량을 향상 시키고, 또한 우지 급여시 가슴육의 적색도를 유의적으로 낮춰 주고, 혈중 LDL cholesterol 함량이 증가하는 결과를 나타낸다. 따라서 육계 사료내 식물성 지방원인 대두유 첨가가 증체량을 개선시켜 주고, 혈중 LDL cholesterol이 낮아지는 결과를 가져오는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1650-1655
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• 2003

Crossbred gilts (n=54) of about $26.38{\pm}0.85kg$ body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into 18 groups of 3 animals each. Three dietary treatments viz., $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were formulated. The treatment $T_1$ containing maize grain (35%) and wheat bran (47%) along with soybean meal and fish meals served as control diet. Rice bran (RB) was selected as a single source of fat (13.02%) and fibre (17.12%), which was gradually increased in diets $T_2$ (41%) and $T_3$ (82%) replacing maize grain and wheat bran of $T_1$ at 50% and 100% in the diets $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively. The fat and fibre levels of the diets were thus 3.46 and 5.24, 9.31and 9.69 and 11.61and 13.26% in $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively. All the diets, however, contained almost similar concentration of CP (18.35${\pm}0.29%$). Each dietary treatment was offered to six replicated groups of 3 piglets in following completely randomized design and feeding was continued for 112 days during the growing phase. Growth, feed utilization, reproductive performance, nutrient utilization and different blood biochemical parameters were studied. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion were lower (p<0.01) in $T_3$ in comparison to $T_1$ or $T_2$. Digestibility of all the nutrients except EE was reduced significantly (p<0.01) in $T_3$. Serum glucose level decreased (p<0.01), whereas the urea and cholesterol concentration in the blood increased (p<0.01) in $T_3$. The duration of estrus of pigs fed diet containing 82% RB ($T_3$) was highly variable within the group, but all the groups showed statistically similar duration of estrous. Feed cost per unit gain was found to be comparable between control ($T_1$) and $T_2$ group. The results indicated that RB can be included up to 41% in swine diets replacing 50% of maize and wheat bran. Higher concentrations of ether extract and fibre beyond 9.31 and 9.69% in diet had detrimental effect on growth, nutrient utilization and reproductive performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.