• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 1999

Carotenoid pigments of echiurid, Urechis unicinctus were investigated during March, April and May as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigments for the marine organisms other than pisces. Total carotenoid contents were found to be 1.19 mg/100 g in March, 0.98 mg/100 g in April and 0.84 mg/100 g in May, indicating that total carotenoid content was negatively affected by the temperature of sea water that echiurid resided. The carotenoid isolated in March composed of $16.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $14.8\%$ $\beta$-carotene and $12.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $8.4\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $8.2\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $7.3\%$ diatoxanthin diester $4.2\%$ astaxanthin $2.9\%$ diatoxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ cynthiaxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $0.8\%$ zeaxanthin and $0.5\%$ lutein. The carotenoid isolated in April composed of $21.9\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $17.2\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester and $16.6\%$ $\beta$-carotene $10.9\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $4.9\%$ diatoxanthin diester, $3.1\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ lutein, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.0\%$ cynthiaxanthin and $1.0\%$ zeaxanthin diester. Similarly, the carotenoid isolated in May composed of $25.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $19.7\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $13.0\%$ $\beta$-carotene, and $12.6\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.8\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $5.1\%$ diatoxanthin, $3.0\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.2\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.3\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.2\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $1.0\%$ lutein and $0.9\%$ cynthiaxanthin. Based on these data, monoester-type carotenoids ($37.1\~57.6\%$) and diester-type carotenoids ($11.5\~17.2\%$) of total carotenoids in echiurid were the major carotenoids. Meanwhile, when the sea water temperature was elevated and the contents of total carotenoid in echiurids were decreased, the contents of zeaxanthin monoester, diatoxanthin monoester and cynthiaxanthin monoester were increased, but the contents of zeaxanthin diester, diatoxanthin diester and cynthiaxanthin diseter were decreased, indicating that changes in ester-type caroteoids were differently affected by the sea water temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1991

Carotenoid pigments from muscle of mussel, Mytilus coruscus, and blue mussel edulis, were separated by thin layer and column chromatography. The isolated carotenoids were identified by comparative test with reference carotenoids, reduction with sodium borohydride, isomerization with iodine and absorption spectrophotometry. The carotenoid content in the muscle of mussel were 0.4mg% in male and 2.7mg% in female, and the carotenoids were composed of 23.4%, 33.4% mytiloxanthin, 26.3%, 22.5% 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$, 24.8%, 22.8% pectenoxanthin, 14.0%, 9.9% pectenolone and 5.1%, 6.1% diatoxanthin in male and female, respectively. While, the carotenoid contents in the muscle of blue mussel were 1.1mg% in male and 3.2mg% in female, and the carotenoids were composed of 33.8%, 35.6% mytiloxanthin, 28.4%, 44.7% pectenoxanthin, 18.1%, 5.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7%, 8.7% pectenolone and 5.5%, 3.1%, 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ in male and female, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.813-820
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• 1998

This study was performed as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigment for the fresh water fish. Carotenoids in integument of Korean dark sleeper, Odontobutis platycephala, and dark sleeper, Odontobutis odontobutis interrupta, which are all the Korean native fresh water fish, were separated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The separated carotenoid were then reduced and isomerized by NaBH4 and I2 respectively to investigate UV-Vis spectrophotometeric patterns and chracterized by IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrum. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of Korean dark sleeper was 3.01mg% in April, but it was increased to 3.74mg% in September at the near of spawning period. The carotenoid isolated in April consisted of $\beta$-carotene(25.6%), lutein(18.5%) and zeaxanthin(12.0%) as major carotenoids and also contained isocryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin, tunaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, canthaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin as minor carotenoids. Similarly, in September the carotenoid consisted of $\beta$-carotene(16.5%), zeaxanthin(13.7%) and cynthiaxanthin(13.6%) as major carotenoids and also contained lutein, isocryptoxanthin, tunaxanthin, $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of cynthiaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin were increased. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of spawning period. T도 carotenoid isolated in April and September consisted of $\beta$-carotene(24.9%, 27.5%), zeaxanthin(14.4%, 20.9%) and lutein(12.6%, 11.4%) as major carotenoids and also contained cynthiaxanthin, tunaxanthin, diatoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-cryp-toxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was increased, indicating that the carotenoid composition were dependent upon their living conditions and their integument colors. Both Korean dark sleeper and dark sleeper contained high amount of cynthiaxanthin and diatoxanthin which are found as rare carotenoids in the other of fresh water fish. It is interes that they also contained tunaxanthin which is a specific carotenoid in marine fishes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1996

어류의 carotenoid에 관한 비교 생화학적 연구의 일환으로서, 우리나라 특산의 통어과이 쏘가리와 꺽지의 표피 및 난의 산란 중과 산란 후의 carotenoid 조성이 서로 어떻게 다른가 비교, 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 쏘가리와 꺽지 표피의 총 carotenoid 함량은 쏘가리는 산란 중에 2.8mg%, 산란후에 2.1mg%로 나타나 산란후보다 산란중에 높은 함량치를 보였다. 표피의 carotenoid 조성은 쏘가리는 산란중에 tunaxanthin 42.2%, lutein 22.0%이며, 산란 후에는 tunaxanthin 32.7%, lutein 24.5%로 나타났으며, 꺽지는 산란중에는 tunaxanthin 69.4%, lutein 17.0%m 산란후에는 tunaxanthin 37.5%, lutein 24.8%로 나타나 표피의 tunaxanthin 의 함량이 산란 중이 산란 후가 높았다. 쏘가리와 꺽지 난의 총 carotenoid 함량은 쏘가리의 난은 0.3mg%, 꺽지의 난은 1.3mg%로 나타나 쏘가리 보다 꺽지 난의 함량이 높았다. 난의 carotenoid 조성은 쏘가리 $\beta$-carotene 27.4%, zeaxanthin 25.7%, diatoxanthin 23.8%였고, 꺽지는 $\beta$-carotene 27.4%, zeaxanthin 25.3%, diatoxanthin 22.4%로 나타나 모두 $\beta$-carotene, zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin 이 주성분으로 함유 되어 있었으며 그외 cynthiaxanthin, lutein 및 cryptoxanthin 등이 함유되어 있었다 동일한 농어과의 쏘가리와 꺽지 표피 및 난의 carotenoid 조성은 서로 유사함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 1999

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on metabolism of the carotenoids, and body pigmen tation in oily bittering, Acheilognathus koreensis. Two weeks later after depletion,oily bitterings were fed the diets supplemented with either lutein, cynthiaxanthin and astaxathin for 4 weeks. Carotenoids distributed to and metabolized in integument were analyed. The carotenoid isolated from the integument of wild oily bittering, composed of 47.2% zeaxanthin, 11.4% lutein epoxide, 11.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7% lutein and 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide. Meanwhile, two weeks later after depletion, the carotenoid composed of 29.9% crytoxanthin, 19.3% zeaxanthin, 13.2% lutein epoxide, 12.0% diatoxanthin and 8.8% zeaxanthin epoxide. These indicated that zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin epoxide were actively metabolized in oily bittering, compared to that of other fresh water fish. Total carotenoid content in the integument of wild oily bittering and oily bittering depleted for two weeks was found to be 1.72mg% and 2.08mg%, respectively. Two weeks later after treatment of experimental diet, total carotenoids content was increased to 2.23mg% in lutein, 2.36mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 2.49mg% in astaxanthin supplemented group, which were relatively higher than 2.10mg% in control group. Meanwhile, 4 weeks later, total ca rotenoids content was decreased to 1.76mg% in control, 1.95mg% in lutein, 1.74mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 1.72mg% in astaxanthin supplemented groups. These result indicate that dietary carotenoids were rapidly accumulated and then metabolized to certain metabolites shortly after feeding. Body pigmentation effects of the carotenoids due to accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of oily bittering was the most effectively shown in the astaxanthin supplemented group, followed by cynthiaxanthin and lutein supplemented groups. In the integument of oily bittering, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotrans formed via either oxidative or reductive pathways as presumed the variation of total carotenoid content and carotenoid composition in all experimental groups. The lutein was oxidized either to astaxanthin via doradexanthin and doradexanthin, or to zeaxanthin epoxide via zeaxanthin by oxidative pathway. Cynthiaxanthin was converted either to diatoxanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway, or it was converted to astaxanthin via diatoxanthin, zeaxan thin and doradexanthin by oxidative pathway. Astaxanthin was converted to doradexanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway. These results suggest that, oxidative pathway of carotenoids was major metabolic pathway along with reductive path way in fresh water fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 1999

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integument of Korean bittering, Cheilognathus signifer and bride bittering, Rhodeus ukekii which are Korean native fresh water fish were compared. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild Korean bittering was 2.11mg% and composed of 42.6% zeaxanthin, 12.1% diatoxanthin and 12.1% lutein epoxide which are predominant carotenoids and 10.3% cynthiaxanthin, 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide, 6.4% lutein and 1.5% cryptoxanthin which are minor carotenoids. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild bride bittering was 4.99mg% during a spawning period but after the spawning period it was decreased to 4.17mg% and carotenoid composition of bride bittering during the spawning period was 46.7% zeaxanthin, 26.5% diatoxanthin and 12.3% lutein which are predominant carotenoids, and 6.2% zeaxanthin epoxide, 3.1% cynthiaxanthin, 2.9% cryptoxanthin and 0.7% canthax anthin which are minor carotenoids. These results indicated that the carotenoid composition of bride bittering during spawning period was very similar to that of Korean bittering and carotenoid composition of bride bittering after the spawning period was 30.5% diatoxanthin, 21.5% cynthiaxanthin and 16.8% zeaxanthin which are predominant carotenoids and 14.0% cryptoxanthin, 11.3% lutein and 3.4% can thaxanthin which are minor carotenoids, indicating that after the spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was decreased while that of cryptoxanthin and cynthiaxanthin was increased as compared to that of the spawning period. Total carotenoid contents in Korean bittering and bride bittering was relatively higher than that in other species of cyprinidae whereas composition of the carotenoid was similar.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.520-524
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• 1999

The rose bitterling (Rhodeus uyekii), aboriginal fish of Korea, have beautiful nuptial colors on the body and fins in their spawning season. So, this species has high possibility to become a new ornamental Bish. However, nothing is known about the color composition of body colors of this species. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the color component of the skin and fins of the bitterling collected from natural environment. The major component of the nuptial colors was carotenoids according to the present study. Amount of total carotenoids on the skin and fins, had a tendency to be higher during the spawning season than the non-spawning season; it was $44.9mg\%$ during spawning season and $41.8mg\%$ during non-spawning season. The composition of carotenoid during spawning season was $36.7\%$ of zeaxanthin $30.1\%$ of $\beta$-carotene, and $16.4\%$ of diatoxanthin. The composition of carotenoid during non-spawning season was $41.2\%$ of $\beta$-carotene, $18.1\%$ of diatoxanthin, and $14.0\%$ of isocryptoxanthin. The major component of the carotenoid during spawning season turned out to be zeaxanthin while the major component of the carotenoid during non-spawning season was $\beta$-carotene.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2004

This study was performed as a part of comparative biological studies of carotenoid pigment for the unutilized biological products. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of wild catfish were 0.27(${\pm}$0.7) mg％ and composed of 25.8％ zeaxanthin, 9.7％ diatoxanthin and 9.1 ％ cynthiaxanthin as major carotenoid. The content of total carotenoid in the integument of cultured catfish were 0.07(${\pm}$0.03) mg％ which is relatively lower compare to wild catfish and composed of 48.5％ lutein, 13.9％ zeaxanthin and 13.3％ isocryptoxanthin as major carotenoid. The total carotenoid contents of the slender catfish were 0.75(${\pm}$0.25) mg％ which is relatively higher compare to other species of catfishes. The carotenoids were composed of 24.5％ zeaxanthin, 24.1 ％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-4-ol, 17.9％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene and 10.8％ 7'8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene-3-01 as major carotenoid and 8.7％ diatoxanthin, 6.7％ cynthiaxanthin and 5.0％ lutein as minor carotenoid. Based on these data, as a comparative studies of carotenoid in integument of siluridae, parasiloxanthin and 7',8'-dihydroparasiloxanthin which are the characteristic carotenoid of catfish from biwa lake in Japan, Slender catfish contained more based on 7',8'-dihydro-${\beta}$-carotene while that of wild and cultured catfishes were not found, indicating that carotenoid pigment of slender catfish depend on their living conditions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2000

A marine bacterium producing carotenoid was isolated from the Yosu coastal area of South Korea, and has been recorded as MCPBK-1. It was identified as Curtobacterium sp.. The optimum conditions of marine carotenoid fermentation from Cutobacterium sp. were pH 7.0, a temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, 4 mM fructose as a carbon source, 0.07% tryptone as a nitrogen source, 0.5 mM $M^{+2}$ ion as a mineral source and $1{\;}\mu\textrm{M}$ of cyanocobalamine as a growth factor in a $7{\;}\ell$ jar-fermentor. 13.0 mg/ml of the marine carotenoid were produced under optimum conditions. The crude marine carotenoid isolated was composed of 5 different compounds, i.e : tunaxanthin(86.6%), diatoxanthin (7.1%), ${\beta}-carotene$ (2.1%), canthaxanthin(1.9%) and cynthiaxanthin (1.9%). Physiological properties including antibacterial activity, cytotoxic effect, antioxidative effect and free radical scavenging activity were characterized with the crude carotenoid, which exhibited no antibacterial activity against E. coli and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, but a strong cytotoxic effect against cancer cells such as HepG2 (Hepatocellular carcinoma, human, ATCC HB-8065) and HeLa (Cervical carcinoma, human, ATCC CCL-2) cells, the ratios of impediment were 86.4% and 39.2%, respectively. This carotenoid, also, expressed a strong antioxidative effect (83%) against CCL-13 (diploid, monotypic hepatocyte, human, ATCC CCL-13) and exhibited free radical scavenging activity (43.4%) when using at a concentration of $50{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ of the crude carotenoid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 1994

Seasonal and regional variation of carotenoid contents in the muscles and tunic of the cultured ascidian(Halocynthia roretzi) was investigated. Carotenoid contents of tunic(47.87 mg/100g wet base) was much higher than that of muscles(2.35mg/100g wet base). The carotenoid contents was increased from April to August and then decreased in September. A total of 13 components were separated from the carotenoids extracted from ascidian tunic. The carotenoids of ascidian tunic accounted for followed by those of alloxanthin($31.3\%$), halocynthiaxanthin($15.5\%$), diatoxanthin($11.9\%$), diadinochrome($11.6\%$), mytilo-xanthin($10.8\%$), and astaxanthin($7.8\%$).