• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.240-253
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• 2011

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to survey the Original symptoms(素證) of Soyangin's and to compare the tendency of their symptoms between Soyangin Heat-related diarrhea accompanied by headache(身熱頭痛亡陰證) and Soyangin Cold-related diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain(身寒腹痛亡陰證). 2. Methods: We recruited 56 Soyangin subjects in the Korean Medicine clinic and researched their original symptoms. Subjects were diagnosed by the Sasang Constitutional specialists and Sasang Constitutional Medication. Subjects were two groups, confirmed to Soyangin Heat-related diarrhea accompanied by headache and Soyangin Cold-related diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain. All subjects answered the questionnaire about their Original symptoms. We found the differences between 2 groups using the Independent-Samples T-test. Analysis was conducted using SPSS 12.0 for Korean. 3. Results and Conclusions: In Original symptoms, Tendency of overeating(p=0.01), Condition of digestion(p=0.04), Perspiration after exercise (p=0.02), Usual perspiration(p=0.00), Tiredness after perspiration(p=0.05) Cold intolerance on extremities(p=0.04), General edema(p=0.01) etc. are different between 2 groups. We found the differences of heat and cold in symptoms between two Soyangin syndromes.

• 대한응급의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2015

Purpose: Stool exams are a useful tool for the early presumptive diagnosis of infectious bacterial diarrhea in the Emergency Department (ED). CT scans are often used to increase the physician's level of certainty and to facilitate patient triage by identifying the source of pain in most patients with an acute abdomen in the ED. This study was designed to investigate the correlation between stool exams and abdominal CT in patients with acute diarrhea visiting the ED. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the emergency department of a national university hospital from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013. The subjects consisted of 156 patients with acute diarrhea and abdominal pain who had stool exam results and abdominal CT findings. We divided the patients into three groups according to the stool exam results. Simultaneously, we evaluated their CT findings of the bowel and adjacent structures. Results: A total of 156 patients were enrolled. Frequency of abnormal CT findings showed statistically significant correlation with stool exams (p-value <0.001). Abnormal CT findings increased as WBCs and RBCs in stool increased (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The stool exam was a statistically significant predictive variable in indirectly determining the severity of acute diarrhea and it showed correlation with the frequency of abnormal CT findings. It is suggested that stool exams can be used as a susceptible marker for predicting the probability of severe infectious colitis, and for making an early decision regarding close medical attention.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of inflammatory biomarkers in acute infectious diarrhea among children. Methods: Clinical parameters including fever, bacterial and viral etiology based on stool culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and nine biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and leukocytes in blood and calprotectin, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, polymorphonuclear elastase, leukocytes, and occult blood in feces were evaluated in children who were hospitalized due to acute diarrhea without underlying disease. Results: A total of 62 patients were included. Among these patients, 33 had fever, 18 showed bacterial infections, and 40 patients were infected with 43 viruses. Of all the biomarkers, CRP was significantly correlated with fever (p<0.001). CRP, ESR, calprotectin, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, fecal leukocytes, and occult blood were significantly associated with infection with bacterial pathogens (p<0.001, p=0.04, p=0.03, p=0.003, p=0.02, p=0.03, p=0.002, respectively). The combination of CRP and fecal lactoferrin at their best cut-off values (13.7 mg/L and $22.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) yielded a sensitivity of 72.2%, and a specificity of 95.5% for bacterial etiology compared with their individual use. Conclusion: Blood CRP is a useful diagnostic marker for both fever and bacterial etiology in acute pediatric diarrhea. The combination of CRP and fecal lactoferrin yields better diagnostic capability for bacterial etiology than their use alone for acute diarrhea in children without underlying gastrointestinal disease.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.293-304
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• 2022

Among several diseases of calves, diarrhea is the most prevalent disease and has been a major cause of economic loss to the cattle industry. The main etiologic agents of diarrhea in calves are bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, but non-infectious factors including foreign bodies obstruction in the digestive system also focused as the cause of calf diarrhea in the recent days. Because there is still limited information for foreign body-related diarrhea in calves, especially in Hanwoo, the present retrospective study reviewed the medical records for diarrheic calves with foreign body in the digestive system (n=32). The morbidity was determined as 3.03% and more than half of them presented the acidosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia. The mortality in laparotomy-operated calves to remove foreign bodies or in non-operated ones was 28% or 85.7%, respectively, implied the importance of aggressive decision for laparotomy when the foreign bodies were determined in the digestive system in diarrheic calves. During laparotomy, trichobezoars (hair balls) and hays were the main foreign bodies and prevalently placed in the abomasum. In the trials to predict prognosis by several clinical factors, the time for laparotomy over 2 days after first diagnosis, acidosis, and foreign body in the abomasum were highly associated with mortality. Therefore, we believe that prompt surgical procedure (laparotomy) is necessary upon obstruction in the digestive system by foreign bodies is tentatively diagnosed in the diarrheic calf. In addition, when differential diagnosis list is made, foreign body-related diarrhea is necessary to be included in case of diarrheic calf.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.342-352
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• 2022

This study was conducted to identify the useful blood variables in diagnosing calf diarrhea in Hanwoo calves and good indicators for calf diarrhea. In 530 Hanwoo calves, fecal scores were recorded on a scale of 0 to 3, and blood samples were collected and analyzed for hematology, serum biochemistry, and acute phase proteins. Among the blood variables, 16 blood variables showed significant differences (p < 0.01) according to fecal scores. After reference intervals of these 16 blood variables were calculated, the distributions of calves by calculated reference intervals showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) and linear associations (p < 0.001) in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (GLU), blood sodium concentration (Na), blood potassium concentration (K), fibrinogen (Fib), and haptoglobin (Hp). Of 6 blood variables, the optimal cut-off values were calculated for BUN, K, Fib, and Hp, and the area under the curve was 0.5 or more: BUN (9.5 mg/dL, AUC: 0.623), K (5.8 mmol/L, AUC: 0.599), Fib (650.0 mg/dL, AUC: 0.706), and Hp (12.5 mg/dL, AUC: 0.847). These findings could be useful in evaluating calves with diarrhea and making decision of further treatment of calf diarrhea in Hanwoo calves.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2023

Pathogenic Escherichia coli is the cause of a wide range of diseases in pigs, including diarrhea, edema disease, and septicemia. Diarrhea caused E. coli may result in significant economic losses, making pathogenic E. coli an important pathogen for the swine industry. This study investigated the prevalence of virulence factor genes, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and resistance genes in E. coli isolated from feces of piglets in Korea between 2017 and 2020. As a result, 119 pathogenic E. coli isolates were obtained from 601 fecal samples. The F4 adhesin gene and the STb enterotoxin gene were commonly present in E. coli isolated from diarrhea samples. The dominant virulotypes of isolates from diarrhea samples were STb, Stx2e, and F4:LT:STb. More than 80% of the screened isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline. To confirm the resistance mechanisms for β-lactam or quinolone, we investigated the genotypic factors of resistance. Each of the ceftiofur-resistant E. coli produced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoded by bla_CTX-M-14, bla_CTX-M-27, and bla_CTX-M-55. And all ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli harbored mutations in quinoloneresistance-determining-regions. In addition, some of the ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli contained the plasmid-mediated-quinolone-resistance genes such as qepA, qnrB1, or qnrD. This study has confirmed that the F4 fimbria and the STb enterotoxin are the most predominant in pathogenic E. coli isolated from piglets with diarrhea in Korea and there is a great need for responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials to treat colibacillosis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.451-456
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• 1997

120 heads of korean native calves were examined of serum protein by using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. During 20 days since the calves were purchased, serum protein, fibrinogen values and plasma : fibrinogen ratio were examined in the calves with respiratory and diarrheal disease. The result obtained in this investigation were as follows : 1. Among the 120 heads of calves that were purchased from market, 14 heads(22%) of calves were occurred respiratory disease, and 12 heads(20%) of calves are occurred diarrhea. Occurrence of respiratory disease was 14.5(4~20) days in average and diarrhea was 9.6(2-15) days after they had been purchased. 2. Serum protein fraction were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. ${\beta}-globulin$, A/G ratio and ${\beta}_2-globulin$ values were decreased in the calves with respiratory disease. Especially, ${\beta}_2-globulin$ were significantly decreased. In calves with diarrhea, there was no change in ${\beta}-globulin$ values. ${\beta}_2-globulin$ values were higher than that of the normal and respiratory diseased calves. 3. ${\alpha}-globulin$ values were increased in both of calves with diarrhea and respiratory disease. This tendency was due to increase ${\alpha}_2-globulin$ values. 4. The $\gamma$-globulin value of calves with diarrhea was the lowest among the 3 groups. 5. The total protein values of normal calves were $7.0{\pm}1.1g/dl$ and that of respiratory and diarrheal diseased calves were $6.9{\pm}0.9g/dl$ and $6.6{\pm}0.8g/dl$, respectively. Total protein value of calves with diarrhea was lower than that of normal and respiratory diseased calves. Globulin value of calves with diarrhea was the lowest among them. The low value of total protein in diarrheal diseased calves was due to decrease globulin values. 6. The fibrinogen values of calves with respiratory disease ($643{\pm}189mg/dl$) were significantly higher than that of normal calves($533{\pm}135mg/dl$) and calves with diarrhea($572{\pm}188mg/dl$). The plasma : fib. ratio of respiratory diseased calves was $12.0{\pm}4.9$, normal calves was $13.8{\pm}3.5$ and diarrheal diseased calves was $12.8{\pm}4.6$. The ratio of the calves with respiratory disease was significantly decreased.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.339-342
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the infection patterns of etiological agents causing calf diarrhea in the Gyeongnam province, Korea. In this study, from January 2011 to December 2011, feces and necropsy specimens from 249 calves diagnosed with diarrhea (<7 months old) were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay and bacteria & coccidium isolation for detection pathogenic organism. The results of this study showed that 78 cases (31.3%) in spring, 71 cases (28.5) in summer, 62 cases (24.9%) in fall and 38 cases (15.3%) in winter were diagnosed with calf diarrhea, respectively. Calf diarrhea-causing pathogens were diagnosed as bacteria 113 (45.4%), viruses 97 (39.0%), coccidium 1 (0.4%), unknown cases 13 (5.2%), and mixed infections 25 (10.0%). We isolated three virus types from fecal samples (97), which were classified as BVD 64 (66.0%), BRV 21 (21.6%), and BCV 12 (12.4%). Moreover, co-infected pathogens were 25 cases, consisting with BVD & BRV 11 (44%), BVD & BCV& BRV 7 (28.0%), E. coli & BCV 3 (12%), and BVD & IBR 1 (4.0%). In summary, we demonstrated that the enteropathogens of bacteria, viruses, and parasite were detected in samples from cattle with diarrhea, principally in young calves less than 7 months of age. Future studies of infectious diarrhea in cattle should include assays for this etiologic agent.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2004

목 적: 급성 설사는 소아가 병원을 찾는 가장 흔하고 중요한 원인 중 하나이며 아직도 소아과 입원 원인 중 흔한 질환이다. 급성 설사를 효과적으로 치료하기 위하여 생균제가 거론되고 있는데 본 연구에서는 영유아를 포함한 소아의 급성 설사에서 생균제의 일종인 L. acidophilus를 투여하여 그 치료 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2002년 9월부터 2003년 7월까지 국립 경찰병원 소아과에 설사를 주소로 내원한 3개월에서 5세 미만의 환아 중 하루 3회 이상의 묽은 변이나 물설사가 있었던 41명의 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 21명을 무작위로 추출하여 치료군으로 설정하고 L. acidophilus를 $0.5{\times}10^8$ colony forming unit (CFU)씩 하루 세 번 경구로 복용하게 하였으며 나머지 20명의 대조군은 위약을 동일한 방법으로 복용하게 하였다. 입원 후 의료진이 매일 설사 횟수를 조사하였고 설사 기간은 의료진에 의해 입원 당시부터 마지막 설사를 한 시점까지로 하였다. 결 과: 총 41명의 환아들이 참여하였고 입원 전의 치료군과 대조군 사이에는 임상소견의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며 치료 시작 후 L. acidophilus를 투여한 군에서 설사 횟수의 감소(p=0.01)와 설사 기간이 유의하게 감소(p=0.001)하였다. 본 연구에서는 로타바이러스 양성인 환아에서 설사 기간의 감소에서는 유의한 차이를 보였으나(p=0.027) 설사 횟수는 통계학적으로 유의하게 감소하지 않았다(p=0.169). 로타바이러스 음성인 환아에서 L. acidophilus가 치료군에서 통계적으로 더 의미 있게 설사 기간을 감소시켰고(p=0.002) 설사 횟수 역시 감소함을 보였으나 통계적인 의의는 없었다(p=0.089). 결 론: 급성 설사가 있는 소아에서 L. acidophilus를 투여한 군에서 대조군보다 설사 횟수와 설사 기간이 의미 있게 줄어들어 치료에 도움이 되었고 향후 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2001

목 적: 본 연구에서는 급성 설사 환아에서 식이요법에 따른 설사의 횟수와 지속 기간, 그리고 영양 상태의 회복등에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 본원에 입원한 총 76명의 환아를 대상으로 35명의 전유군, 29명의 희석 분유군, 그리고 12명의 모유군으로 나누어 각 군간의 설사 횟수, 구토 횟수, 열량 섭취량, 몸무게의 증가, 그리고 설사기간을 관찰하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 1) 입원 당시 평균 월령은 12.9개월, 평균 체중은 9 kg, 설사 지속 기간은 2.29일로 각 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 2) 입원 후 설사의 횟수는 각 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 3) 입원 후 열량의 섭취는 전유군과 모유군에서 희석유보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 4) 입원 후 몸무게의 증가는 전유군과 모유군간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 희석 분유군은 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 입원 후 설사의 지속 기간은 각 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 결 론: 급성 설사 질환의 식이 요법은 처음부터 전유나 모유를 먹이는 것이 희석한 우유를 단계적으로 먹이는 방법에 비해 설사를 악화시키거나 지연시키지 않으며, 오히려 체중 증가와 열량 섭취증가에 이로운 장점이 있었으나 원인균에 따른 식이 요법의 효과에 대해서는 좀더 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.