• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.403-412
• /
• 2014

This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century as they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization and growth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasing awareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an important question of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge was traditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows the ownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter half of the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercialization of academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalization of patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy in turn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledge and the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biological and biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biological knowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent to the welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable development for humanity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.658-665
• /
• 2015

Temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture is important for understanding patterns of climate change, for developing and evaluating land surface models, for designing surface soil moisture observation networks, and for determining the appropriate resolution for satellite-based remote sensing instruments for soil moisture. In this study, we measured several soil moistures in upland soil using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) Soil Moisture Content (SMC) during eight-month period in Chungbuk province. The upland soil moisture properties were expressed by simple statistical methods (average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) from the monthly context. Supplementary studies were also performed about the effect of top soil texture on the soil moisture responses. If the results from this study were utilized well in specific cities and counties in Korea, it would be helpful to establish the countermeasures and action plans for preventing disasters because it was possible to compare with the relationship between soil moisture and top soil texture of each region. And it would be the fundamental data for estimating the effect of future agricultural plan.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2013

Official Delvelopment Assistance(ODA) in forestry sector has been implemented for about 60 years after the second world war. Forestry aid is getting important due to its role to play as a practical methodology of Millenium Development Goals(MDGs). Korea has conducted ODA in forestry in 22 developing countries since 2005. However its contents are mostly focused on environment conservation by plantation. In the other hands, the other donor countries try to eradicate poverty of people who are dependent on forestry, environment conservation and etc in MDGs by means of ODA in forestry. Swiss, Germany, Japan, UK, and the other donor counties found out without taking account of forest dependent people who are supposed to manage 22% of developing countries's forest, forestry aid could not be successful. The direction of Korean ODA in forestry need to change in order to meet the current movement of International ODA. For this, Korea should develop various contents of forestry aids like CF (Community Forestry) project which the donor countries with long history of forestry aids have implemented in many ways.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2016.05a
• /
• pp.194-194
• /
• 2016

Gansu, located in the northwestern region, is a typical agricultural province of arid, semiarid in China. The shortage of water resources is the biggest obstacle of Gansu Province's development, and the dry farming water-saving is the eternal theme of Gansu agricultural sustainable development. In recent years, intensify reform in Gansu, has walked out a successful way in the agricultural water-saving. Using the integrated river basin governance as opportunity, the total water-using quantity was regarded as rigidity to retrain, distributed to counties (districts), irrigated areas, towns, associations, groups step by step. Agricultural water price was substantially increased, with the surface water price from about $0.1RMB/m^3$ to more than $0.2 RMB/m^3$, and the ground water from zero to more than $0.1RMB/m^3$. Simultaneously, the difference water prices and over-quota water progression price markup were carried out. The transaction of water rights was encouraged to impel the peasant to establish the consciousness of saving-water. The regulatory documents were formulated to standardize the scope, condition, mode, program etc. of agriculture water-rights transaction, to guarantees the transaction of water rights is carries out in order. The pattern of farming was optimized and adjusted, reducing the high water-consumption crop, increasing economic crops with high benefit and low water-consumption, developing industrialized agricultures such as green house. The relative engineering and measuring facility were comprehensively improved, with the anti-seepage of canal system and the enforcement of dynamo-electric well, developing high-efficient water-saving irrigation and overall metering facilities. The water fine-grained management has realized, and obvious water-saving effect has obtained: water-using rate in the irrigation area by river water has brought up to 0.57 from 0.52, and by well water up to 0.84 from 0.76. Although the water price has increased, the proportion that the water rate expenditure accounted for the cost lasts decline, and the farmers' income has gone up. The peasants express, the used water is few, and it is few to till land, but the income is many, and life is better.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.488-496
• /
• 2018

This study examined the Gangwon Province's current implementation of its elimination of invasive plants and explored a plan to effectively manage invasive plants. The percentage of the distribution of the plants was 39.6% for riverside areas, 23.3% for roadside areas, 12.4% for roadside & riverside areas, and 4.6% for areas around farm land and river banks. To ensure the systematic management of invasive plants, the current study suggests a) developing an invasive plants monitoring and management system; b) reinvigorating the participation of residents, private organizations, and military posts; c) planting of native replacement plants and the conversion of the locations as attractions, and d) nurturing the project for using invasive plants. For policy directions to be pursued based on the results of the study, the following are suggested: a) improving laws and systems regarding invasive plants, b) developing a cooperative system for managing invasive plants, c) implementing the training of civilian professionals, d) implementing the elimination of invasive plants, e) developing replacement plants for cities and counties, f) fostering industries that tap into invasive plants, and g) using the Han River Water System Management Fund for funding and greater efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.36 no.5_4
• /
• pp.1267-1276
• /
• 2020

To quantitatively predict the impacts of large-scale volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu on air quality and damage around the Korean Peninsula, a three-dimensional chemistry-transport modeling system (Weather Research & Forecasting - Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission - Comunity Multi-scale Air Quality) was adopted. A worst-case meteorology scenario was selected to estimate the direct impact on Korea. This study applied the typical worst-case scenarios that are likely to cause significant damage to Korea among worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu in the past decade (2005~2014) and assumed a massive VEI 4 volcanic eruption on May 16, 2012, to analyze the concentration of PM_2.5 caused by the volcanic eruption. The effects of air quality in each region-cities, counties, boroughs-were estimated, and vulnerable areas were derived by conducting an exposure assessment reflecting vulnerable groups. Moreover, the effects of cities, counties, and boroughs were analyzed with a high-resolution scale (9 km × 9 km) to derive vulnerable areas within the regions. As a result of analyzing the typical worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu, a discrepancy was shown in areas between high PM_2.5 concentration, high population density, and where vulnerable groups are concentrated. From the result, PM_2.5 peak concentration was about 24,547 ㎍/㎥, which is estimated to be a more serious situation than the eruption of Mt. St. Helensin 1980, which is known for 540 million tons of volcanic ash. Paju, Gimpo, Goyang, Ganghwa, Sancheong, Hadong showed to have a high PM_2.5 concentration. Paju appeared to be the most vulnerable area from the exposure assessment. While areas estimated with a high concentration of air pollutants are important, it is also necessary to develop plans and measures considering densely populated areas or areas with high concentrations of susceptible population or vulnerable groups. Also, establishing measures for each vulnerable area by selecting high concentration areas within cities, counties, and boroughs rather than establishing uniform measures for all regions is needed. This study will provide the foundation for developing the standards for disaster declaration and preemptive response systems for volcanic eruptions.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.293-306
• /
• 2005

In order to bridge the digital divide issues in the Asia Pacific region, Japan initiated the Asia Broadband Program, during implementing E-Japan and U-Japan Plans with collaboration among Asia Pacific Counties. This paper describes first joint experiments that were undertaken in Japan, Singapore and China. Then this paper also describes Japanese efforts to build space infrastructure for development of ICT Society in the Asia Pacific region for further international cooperation to bridge the digital divide Article 1, para. 1, of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, calls for exploration and use of outer space to be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development. The augmentation of common benefit from space communication could contribute to bridge the digital divide issues in developing countries in Asia Pacific region. Accordingly, space- infrastructure building would be very important to implement common benefit among countries concerned through international cooperation and collaboration

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 1994

Thirty farmers, representing three major deer counties in Kyung-Kee province and 50 farmers scattered in Chung-Buk province were interviewed to determine the current status of the Korean deer industry. Items surveyed were general information, farmed deer breeds. farm facilities, feeding and nutrition, hygiene and disorder incidence, velvetting, income sources, products and their sale, management problems and herd size control. The 888 deer farmed in Kyung-Kee province included spotted deer (Cervus nippon. 69.4%), red deer (Cervus elaphus, 6.1%), wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis, 12.2%), spotted $\times$ red deer hybrids (6.2%), red deer $\times$ wapiti hybrids (4.6%). and fallow deer (Dama dama, 1.5%). Poor information on feeding was evidenced by wide variation among farms of daily feed supply and ratios of forage to concentrate, and poor nutritional considerations according to physiological status of deer. Hygiene needed more attention. The incidence of diseases and disorders was high: enteritis (73.3% in Kyung-Kee province), fractures (60.0%), and dystocia (56.7%). The major source of farm income was velvet antler and its blood. To improve productive efficiency, attention should be given to improving farm facilities, simplified product marketing, developing standard feeding system, and economic grazing system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.233-240
• /
• 2000

A small rivers take advantage of not only a site of superb scenic beauty, a play space, a rest place but also a momentous waters reservoir, a drainage on territory residents. Likewise, part of the most massed a life space to a region dwellers shall be extremely in harmony with coexistence space in that every kind plant, animal over again a human being and so on. For improvement planning of small river, various way and model are presented. But, it's want of ability for small rivers of a adaption many-side and throwing in a lot of financial resources. Because the improvement planning of small river was designed all small river in a county, the priority must be preprocessed. Now, the counties prioritized for improvement planning of small river are a few, and acquisition and manipulation of the data are time-consuming. Geo-Spatial Information System (GSIS) is specifically designed to manage and analyze spatial data. It will be to offer the benefit to the determination of the improvement priority in a small river. The purpose of this study is to offer priority for improvement planning of small river using GSIS. For this purpose, it was developed using Arc/Info software and AML was used as a developing tool.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.9 no.2 s.19
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of land-use and population change in rural area by new expressway. Chungbu expressway constructed in 1987, going through the south area of Kyunggi province from Seoul, was selected as a case expressway, and also 2 cities and 18 subdivisions of county in its surrounding area, as a case study area. To analyze the change characteristics before and after the construction, land-use maps of 1986 and 1996 were collected, including the census data for the years in cities and counties yearbooks. Remote sensing technology was applied to classify the land-use maps with six types of land use. Geographic information system was also used for spatial analysis, such as the land-use and accessibility changes. A 5 km buffer zone from interchange of the expressway showed about two times increase of urbanized built-up area than a 5 km buffer zone from the expressway. Accessibility from Seoul and cities was improved in most areas, which is accessing to Seoul through existing Youngdong expressway. Ten rural areas showed increased population with accessibility of average 52 minutes to Seoul and 19 minutes to cities, while eight areas showed decreased population with average 73 minutes to Seoul and 35 minutes to cities. This shows that the threshold value, which is time distance to Seoul and cities for population increase or decrease, one and half hours, respectively. Urbanized area was increased in most areas, even in population decrease areas, so this indicates that there are thinning rural areas, increasing urbanized area while decreasing population.