• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1988.08a
• /
• pp.39-42
• /
• 1988

We have studied the mechanism by examing the effect of ginseng on the epoxide hydrolase which is catabolized the reactive intermetabolite of bromobenzene. and bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity. It was observed that ginseng saponin fraction protects against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in mice as evidenced 1. increased the epoxide hydrolase activity. 2. lower serum transaminase activity. 3. decreased the formation of lipid peroxide. These results suggested that the inducing effect of ginseng on the epoxide hydrolase is believed to be a possible detoxication mechanism for the bromobenzene toxicity in mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 1999

Hepatoprotective effects of Malloti cortex extract (MCE) from Mallotus japonicus against the carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$) and galactosamine (GalN) were investigated. Whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after CCl$_{4}$ and GalN administration, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE before and after the injection of CCl$_{4}$ and GalN resulted in decreases in elevated serum aminotransferase activities. Whereas CCl$_{4}$ and GalN treatment caused 3~7 fold increases in sorbitol dehydrogenase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activities, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE resulted in the blocking of CCl$_{4}$ and GalN-induced liver toxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of MCE was in part due to MCE-induced elevation of hepatic glutathione levels. Pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE also reduced increased lipid peroxidation induced by CCl$_{4}$ and GalN. These results suggest that MCE may be useful for the prevention and therapy of hepatotoxic pathogenesis. It is presumed that protective and therapeutic effects of MCE due to be inducible glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, involving in glutathione-medicated detoxication and maintainment of glutathione content, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.268-273
• /
• 2000

To investigate an effect of the ethanol extract of Lycium chinense(EELC) on the activities of enzymes scavenging oxygen free radicals or detoxicating alcohol. The ground Lycium chinense was extracted with 30% edible ethanol and then diluted with 6% ethanol to contain 2% EELC(w/v). Three different groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats had taken a drink EELC, ethanol(ETH) or water(control), respectively for 2 months. At the end of experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and obtained the following findings. The EELC-treated animals showed the highest activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase among three groups. The activities of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome p-450 from EELC treatment group were lower than those from ETH-treated group. However, the activity of superoxide dismutase was higher in the EELC-treated group than the ETH-treated(p<0.005). Furthermore, hepatic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase were significantly higher in EELC-treated animals than in ETH-treated those. The activity of glutathione S-transferase in liver was appeared the orderly higher value in EELC, ETH and control-treated group. As the result, EELC may affect the reduction of oxygen free radical production and help the detoxication of ethanol.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.123-132
• /
• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out herb-pair prototype composed of Zanthoxyli Fructus, to examine compatibility regulation between them and to classify them into seven features of compatibility. Methods : To search usages of Zanthoxyli Fructus compatibility, we have investigated the classics of herb and prescription such as "五十二病方"(Fifty-two kinds of Diseases), "黃帝內經"(The Medical Classic of Yellow Emperor), "傷寒論"(Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold), "金匱要略"(Synopsis of Prescriptions of The Golden), "附廣肘后方"(Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies), "本草綱目"(Compendium of Materia Medica), "得配本草"(Deukbae Materia Medica). Results : In these books Zanthoxyli Fructus was paired with below herbs; 桂(Cinnamomi Cortex), 薑(Zingiberis Rhizoma), 吳茱萸(Evodiae Fructus), 細辛(Asari Radix), 茴香(Foeniculi Fructus), 肉荳蔲(Cistanches Herba), 釜下土(Terba Flava Usta), 益智仁(Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus), 飴(Saccharum Granorum), 葱白(Allii Radix), 梨(Pyrus), 牙皂(Gleditsia Fructus), 杏仁(Armeniacae Amarum Semen), 蕎麥粉(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), 胡粉(Minium), 白朮(Atractylodis Rhizoma White), 蒼朮(Atractylodis Rhizoma), 麻子仁(Cannabis Fructus), 大麥蘗(Hordei Fructus Germiniatus), 麴(Massa Medicata Fermentata), 生地黃(Rehmanniae Radix), 茯苓(Poria), 牡蛎(Ostreae Concha), 白礬(Alumen), 雄黃(Realgar), 烏頭(Aconiti Radix), 附子(Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix). Conclusions : Zanthoxyli Fructus herb-pair classified by seven features of compatibility are as follows; 1. Mutual reinforcement compatibility with : Cinnamomi Cortex, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Evodiae Fructus, Asari Radix, Foeniculi Fructus, Cistanches Herba, Terba Flava Usta, Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus, Saccharum Granorum, Allii Radix, Pyrus, Gleditsia Fructus. 2. Mutual assistance compatibility with : Armeniacae Amarum Semen, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Minium, Atractylodis Rhizoma White, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Cannabis Fructus, Hordei Fructus Germiniatus, Massa Medicata Fermentata, Rehmanniae Radix, Poria, Ostreae Concha, Alumen. 3. Mutual restraint compatibility with: Realgar, Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix) 4. Mutual detoxication compatibility with: 桑汁(Juice of Mori Folium), 桑根汁(Juice of Morus Cortex), 大蒜(Allii Bulbus), 薺苨(Remotiflori Radix), 桂汁(Juice of Cinnamomi Cortex).

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.129-142
• /
• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extract of Scolopendra subspinipes which has been used mainly for detoxication in the oriental medicine and reported to have sedative action, antiinflammatory effect, antihypertensive property and immunity enhancing activity. Method: Inhibitory activities on oxygen radical generating enzymes (aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase) and increasing activities on oxygen radical scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) were investigated. Furthermore, the content of glutathione in the mouse brain, DPPH radical scavenging activity and also anti-lipid peroxidative effects in vivo and in vitro were estimated. Results: The extract showed weak inhibitory effects on the activities of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase which are oxygen radical generating enzymes. The extract inhibited lipid peroxidation with 26.1% against control group at 500 mg/kg in vivo and with 11.2% against control group at 10 mg/kg in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, which means this drug may protect radical-induced cell damages. The extract showed dose-dependently the scavenging effect on DPPH radical with 24.8% activity at 10 mg/ml in vitro. The extract enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase, which are oxygen radical scavenging enzymes, with 28.9%, 22.3% and 23.1%, respectively at 500mg/kg in vivo. Finally, this extract strongly increased the glutathione content in the mouse barin. Conclusion: Above results indicated that Scolopendra subspinipes can be useful for the protection or treatment of some diseases caused by reactive oxygen species.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.32 no.1 s.124
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the antitoxic components in the water extract of the roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii (Cucurbitaceae). The results were as follows: Generally, detoxication effects by the water extract of T. kirilowii increased in proportion to the concentrations. Experimental animals were treated with cadmium and T. kirilowii water extract by oral administration. When 40 mg/kg dosage of T. kirilowii extract was administrated it showed the highest antitoxic effects in metallothionein induction. After the water extract treatment, body weights did not increase in proportion to the extract concentrations. These results suggest that T. kirilowii extract increased metallothionein concentration and decreased the toxicity of cadmium in rats. In vitro the antitoxic activity of water extract of T. kirilowii on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was evaluated by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and SRB (sulforhodamine B protein) assays. The light microscopic study was carried out to observe morphological changes of the treated cells. These results were obtained as follows; The concentration of $10^{-2}\;mg/ml$ of T. kirilowii extract was shown significant antitoxic activity. The number of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were increased and tend to regenerate. These results suggest that T. kirilowii extract retains a potential antitoxic activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.32 no.1 s.124
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the antitoxic agent in methanol extract of Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$. Detoxication effects By H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract increased in proportion to the extract concentrations. When 40 mg/kg dosage of H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract was administered, it showed the highest antitoxic effects in metallothionein induction. After the extract treatment, body weights generally increased in proportion to the extract concentrations. From the above results, H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract increased metallothionein concentrations and decreased the toxicity of cadmium in rats. In vitro the antitoxic activity of methanol extract of H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was evaluated by the MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide} and SRB (sulforhodamine B protein) assays. The light microscopic study was carried out to observe morphological changes of the treated cells, $10^{-2}\;mg/ml$ Concentrations of H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract was shown significant antitoxic activity. The number of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were increased and tend to regenerate. These results suggest that H. cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract retains a potential antitoxic activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.178-186
• /
• 1990

The analgesic effect of morphine was antagonized and the development of tolerance was suppressed by the modification of the neurologic function in the animals treated with ginseng saponins The activation of the spinal descending inhibitory systems as well as the supraspinal structures by the administration of morphine was inhibited in the animals treated with ginseng saponine intracerebrally or intrathecally. The development of morphine tolerance and dependence, and the abrupt expression of naloxone inducted abstinence syndrom were also inhibited by ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rg1 and Re. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rbl, Hbs, Rgl and Re are the bioactive components of panax ginseng on the inhibition of the development of morphine tolerance and dependence, and the inhibition of abrupt abstinence sindrome. In addition, further research on the minor components of Pnnnxkinsenl should be investigated. A single or daily treatment with ginseng saponins did not induce any appreciable changes in the brain in level of monoamines at the variolls time intervals and at the various day intervals, respectively. The inhibitory or facilitated effects of ginseng saponins on electrically evoked contractions in guinea pig ileum ($\mu$-receptor) and mouse vats deferens ($\delta$-receptor) were not mediated through opioid receptors. The antagonism of a $\chi$ receptor agonist, U-50, 488H was also not mediated through opioid receptors in the animals treated with ginseng saponins, but mediated through serotonergic mechanisms. Ginseng saponins inhibited morphine 6-dehydrogenase which catalyzed the production of morphinone from morphine, and increased hepatic glutathione contents for the detoxication of morphinone. This result suggests that the dual action of the above plays an important role in the inhibition of the development of morphine tolerance and dependence.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 1994

Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole(ICZ) is a potent Ah receptor agonist with biological activities similar in several respects to those of the potent environmental toxin, TCDD. ICZ is produced during the oilgomerization of indole-3-carbinol(I3C), a breakdown product of the glucobrassicin present in food plants of the Brassica genus. In the present study we examined ICZ levels in tissues and excreta of rats treated with I3C or dietary cabbage of established glucobrasicin content, and in feces of conventional and germfree rats fed on a basal diet, and of humans. We also examined the levels of cytochrome P4501A1 induction, as determined by the ethoxyresorufin ο-deethylase assay, in tissues of animals that received cabbage-supplemented diets, or which were treated with purified I3C or ICZ. Our findings indicated that incorporation of either homogenized or whole freeze-dried cabbage in the feed led to large increases(16-60 fold) in the levels of ICZ in the feces and lower gastrointestinal tract of rats. We observed that whereas ICZ is readily detectable at about the same levels(2.00$\pm$0.50 ppb) in the feces of conventional rats fed on a purified diet and in human feces, levels of ICZ in the feces of germfree animals fed on the basal diet were at the limits of detection(0.40$\pm$0.20 ppb), indication that gut bacteria are important for the production of ICZ from essential dietary constituents in the basal diet. We showed that in contrast to the near 7000-fold difference in CYP1A1 inducing potencies of ICZ and TCDD in cells in culture, their inducing potencies differ by only about an order of magnitude in rats. Nonetheless, the levels of ICZ remaining in livers twenty hours after I3C treatment appear too low to account for the induced activity. This result indicates that ICZ may be rapidly cleared from the liver or that substances other than, or in addition to, ICZ be responsible for the enzyme-inducing activity of orally administered I3C or its precursors.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 1993

The toxic effects of methylmercury on the ultrastructures of the brain and gill tissues of fightingfish and compensative effects of red ginseng were investigated by means of electron microscopy. The brain neuron of methylmercury exposure group showed dilatation of dendrite and axon, numerical decrease of ribosomes, partial loss of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm and considerable swelling of mitochondria as compared with the normal neuron. And necrotic cell with ruptured nucleus and vacuolated mitochondria was noticeable. While, slight swelling of mitochondria, some dilation of dendrite and axon and numerical increase of ribosome occurred in the neuron of methylmercury-red ginseng treatment group as compared with the methylmercury exposure group. In the gill lamella of methylmercury exposure group, collapse of pillar cells and arms, dilated epithelial cell and thickened membrane were observed. While, in the gill lamella of methylmercury-red ginseng treatment group, arms were slightly disintegrated and basement membrane was some thickend as compared with the methylmercury exposure group. From the above results, it is concluded that red ginseng has detoxication effect on methylmercury toxicity and so takes compensative effect on injured tissues caused by methylmercury intoxication.