• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the dissolution of detergent on washing and rinsing efficiency, and the possibility of saving detergent in washing. Washing and rinsing efficiency were reviewed in three different ways : A method was to input dissolved detergent by the use of rapid detergent dissolution instrument, B method was to input dissolved detergent beforehand, and C method was to input undissolved detergent. The results were as follows 1. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing time and three method's gaps were reduced because detergent dissolution effect was reduced by mechanical action in proportion of washing time. Especially, according to detergency of A method of 0.07% and C method of 0.1% was appeared approximately, saving detergent was expected by rapid dissolution of detergent. 2. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing temperature. As the washing temperature rose, the detergent reached chemically more activated state and become easily soluble. It resulted for the detergent to penetrate and adhere to laundry easily. 3. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with detergent concentration and C method was more sensitive than A, B method against change of detergent cocentration. Rapid detergent dissolution made it possible not only to enhance the washing efficiency but also to save the detergent because detergency of A method in low concentration is higher than that of C method. 4. A method $\geq$ B method > C method was shown in rinsing ratio with detergent input method. It indicated input dissolved detergent was advantageous in rinsing. 5. The result of anion surfactant concentration test of each process with detergent input method was shown like that A method In B method > C method in washing and reverse result was shown in rinsing. The anion surfactant concentration of C method was low during washing but high during rinsing. This was identical with previous results which shown the washing and rinsing efficiency improved with dissolved detergent usasge. 6. C method > B method > A method was shown in the degree of remaining detergent after rinsing. There was no remaining detergent after second rinsing in A and B method, but in C method four rinsings were required for the same result. Consequently, in A and B methods, less water and electricity were used, and less abrasion of cloth.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.503-510
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• 2014

Nowdays, costumer's washing behavior were often times for remove to light-duty dirt. The purpose of this study is to provide the most effective washing conditions of detergent concentration and temperature conditions for help save energy and water resources required to the washing process. Washing conditions were as follows: 2 kinds of detergents and 4 types of artificially soiled fabrics were used. Detergent concentration was 0%, -10%, and -20% below the recommended conc. of manufacturer's standard. Temperature of bath was $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The results of this study were as follows: First, washing performances of all kind of artificially soiled fabric improved as the temperature of bath at $40^{\circ}C$. Second, the test was conducted under the condition of decreasing respectively -10% and -20% below of the recommended concentration of manufacturer's standard detergent. The average of washing efficiency was not considerably affected by the reduction of 10% below of manufacturer's standard. Third, in case of the water temperature were $20^{\circ}C$, polyester/cotton blended fiber were higher degree of washing efficiency than cotton fiber.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

The purpose of this research is to improve sustainable clothes care by comparing household washer's standard course and quick course. Detergency at each course was classified by laundry weight, detergent concentration, and soils. Also, fabric damage from each course was compared. Washing experiments were carried out using two types of washing machines and three types of detergents. Using the standard soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set, detergency was compared by laundry weight, soil, and detergent concentration. Additionally, fabric damage was evaluated using the mechanical action of MA-40. The results of the research were as follows. First, a standard course, having more working time exhibited better detergency than a quick course. However, the detergency deviation under 6kg laundry weight was as low as 9.0%. Second, detergency by the type of soil was more effective in standard course than in a quick course, but hydrophilic protein soils had a small detergency deviation at 7.6%. Moreover, hydrophobic oil, complex, and particulate soils had a higher deviation at 19.7% Third, fabric damage was in proportion to operating time. Fourth, a quick course showed approximately 80% detergency regardless of the type of detergent. in the case of using 50% of the recommended allowance by the detergent manufacturer. In conclusion, reducing the operating washing time and detergent concentration is in accordance with increasing sustainability, in the case of washing with lightly soiled fabrics under 6kg of laundry weight.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.38-42
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• 1970

Bacillus subtilis가 생산하는 효소 Tamylase (상품명)는 시판되는 여러 가지의 합성세제 중 "써니"와 배합해서 효소배합 합성세제로 사용할 때, 가장 좋았으며 amylase 활성에 관하여 측정해본 결과는 "써니"의 세탁에 사용되는 농도(0.2%)에서 그 활성이 90%이상 유지되고 있었으며 세제의 농도가 짙어질수록 효소활성은 감퇴되었고 최적반응조건으로는 기질의 pH $5{\sim}6.5$에서 $ 40^{\circ}C$도 30분 정도 반응시키는 것이 이상적이다. 또한 철 ion에 의해서는 효소활성에 저해를 받으며 내열성은 낮은 편이었고 효소분말과 세제분말을 혼합하였을 때, 저장성이 우수했다. Paper disc method와 cork borer method에 의해서 측정된 proteolytic activity 는 세제를 가했을 때, 그 농도가 세탁에 사용되는 농도, 즉, 0.2% 부근에서는 거의 안정하였다. 그러나 농도가 짙어지면 상당한 활성의 저해를 보여 주었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.620-625
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• 2018

SLES를 주성분으로 사용한 액체세정제는 공기 중에 노출하여 방치하는 경우 표면에 피막이 형성되는 경우가 있다. 이는 제형 중의 수분이 증발하면서 세정제 주성분인 계면활성제의 농도변화로 인한 미셀의 상변화로 판단된다. SLES는 30~60% 영역에서 강한 육방정계 액정상이 나타나고, 60% 이상에서는 라멜라 액정상을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 SLES 주성분으로 사용된 액체세정제의 표면 겔링 현상은 내용물에서 수분 증발로 인하여 발생하는 현상이다. 액체세정제에서 수분이 증발되면서 계면활성제의 농도가 높아지는 결과였다. 표면 겔링 상태는 편광현미경으로 관찰한 결과 혼합 계면활성제 시스템의 액정상으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 SLES를 주성분으로 사용하는 처방에서 겔링 필름 형성을 방지하기 위하여 수용성이 좋은 AOS를 증량하고 액정형성을 방지할 수 있는 이차 계면활성제인 SAS를 도입하고, 하이드로트로프로 SXS와 PEG1500을 적용하였다. 이와 같이 개선된 액체세정제 처방4와 5는 공기 중에 노출되어도 표면에 피막이 형성되는 겔링현상을 방지할 수 있었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.24-41
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• 1984

Tallow fatty acid consists of mixtures of fatty acids differing in chain length and saturation. In separation of tallow fatty acid, the effects of the type and concentration of detergents and electrolytes were studied. And the changes of acid composition of particular fractions were determined by gas-chromatography. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and sodium lauryl benzene sulfonate (SLBS) were used as detergents and NaCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 were used as electrolytes. At low concentration of detergent, the tallow fatty acid was not fully wetted, and at high concentration, the emulsion was so stable that the tallow fatty acid was not well separated. The addition of proper amount of electrolyte increased the separation efficiency by the decrease of interfacial tension and by the increase of the amount of adsorbed detergent on the surface of solid fatty acid crystals. The optimum range of detergent was 0.4-0.6% (wt.) in SLS, 0.2-0.4% in SLES and 2.0-) .0% in SLBS. And the optimum range of electrolyte was 2.0-2.5% in NaCl, 3.0-4.0% In Na2SO4 and 0.5-1.0% in MgSO4 respectively.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.527-536
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• 2017

This study investigated the detergency and functionality of laminating finished fabrics for outdoor wear based on repeated washing. Laminating finished fabrics were selected as the main fabrics for outdoor wear and used as test fabrics. The effects of outdoor exclusive detergent and normal neutral detergent were examined according to washing time, temperature, rpm and detergent concentration based on the use of a Terg-O-Tometer. Re-soiling of the test fabrics was measured by Florio-Mersereau. Permeability, water repellency, water resistance and absorbency were estimated to measure improvements and effects in regards to outdoor exclusive detergent in optimal washing conditions. The detergent effect of outdoor exclusive detergent was superior compared to normal neutral detergent. Re-soiling was lower with exclusive outdoor detergent than with normal neutral detergent. The measurement of functionality for laminating finished fabrics before and after washing indicated that functionality was decreased with repeated washing.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2001

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides ponder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R R ratio($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. All titanium dioxides m characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface mea of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalyses. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts on the Photocatalytic foundation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90%, of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2021

Laundry industry has traditionally been considered an industry that generates large amounts of wastewater and Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). This is still the case until now. Household laundry detergents are produced and distributed within the safety regulations on the amount of harmful substances detected. While industrial laundry detergents are often distributed without safety regulations, and even laundry workers manufacture and use them on their own. This contaminates water and air and also threatens the safety of workers. This study is a basic study for distributing eco-friendly detergents(EFD-A) developed through previous studies to the laundry industry. Safety, washability and wastewater quality of EFD-A are evaluated. Three existing commercial detergents(PD1, PD2, LD4) are also evaluated to compare with EFD-A. The safety of detergents is confirmed by the content of optical brightener, VOCs, and arsenic. Washability is evaluated by the difference in reflectance of washed and unwashed artificial soiled fabrics according to detergent concentration, washing temperature, and washing time. TOC is used as the index of assessing the wastewater quality. The results are as follows; EFD-A doesn't contain the optical brighteners, VOCs, and arsenic. The optimal washing conditions for EFD-A are 3 g/L concentration, 40 ℃ washing temperature, and 30 min washing time. The soil removal efficiency is about 71 %, which was similar to or somewhat superior to that of PD1, PD2, and LD4. TOC is 63.5 %, which is about 15 % lower than the discharge limit. Through this study, the developed detergent EFD-A can be used as a safe and eco-friendly detergent for the human body and the environment.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.139-142
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• 1984

인공수정으로 부화시킨 미꾸리자어에 대한 합성세제(LAS)의 급성독성 영향을 실험하고 그 결과를 생물검정법에 의하여 조사하였다. 1. LAS의 영향을 시간에 대하여 각 농도별로 보면 6ppm이 120시간, 18 ppm이 96시간, 30 ppm이 48시간, 그리고 38 ppm이 16시간만에 $100\%$의 폐사율 가져왔다. 2. 반수치사농도 ($LC_{50}$)는 48hr-$LC_{50}$이 12.59ppm, 96 hr-$LC_{50}$은 4.00 ppm, 120 hr-$LC_{50}$은 1.02 ppm이었다. 3. 급성독성에 대한 영향한계농도는 $0.37{\sim}0.43ppm$이고 적용계수는 $0.093{\sim}0.108$로 나타났다. 4. 합성세제의 각 농도에 대한 반수치사를 가져오는 시간($LT_{50}$)은 0.2 ppm이 165.1시간, 2ppm은 106.2시간으로 나타난 반면 8 ppm은 60.3시간으로 낮아져 38ppm의 경우는 23.5시간이었다.