• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.451-476
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• 2015

Membrane distillation (MD), which can utilize low-grade thermal energy, has been extensively studied for desalination. By incorporating solar thermal energy, the solar membrane distillation desalination system (SMDDS) is a potential technology for resolving the energy and water resource problems. Small-scale SMDDS (s-SMDDS) is an attractive and viable option for the production of fresh water for small communities in remote arid areas. The minimum-cost design and operation of s-SMDDS are determined by a systematic method, which involves a pseudo steady state approach for equipment sizing and the dynamic optimization using overall system mathematical models. The s-SMDDS employing three MD configurations, including the air gap (AGMD), direct contact (DCMD) and vacuum (VMD) types, are optimized. The membrane area of each system is $11.5m^2$. The AGMD system operated for 500 kg/day water production rate gives the lowest unit cost of $5.92/m^3$. The performance ratio and recovery ratio are 0.85 and 4.07%, respectively. For the commercial membrane employed in this study, the increase of membrane mass transfer coefficient up to two times is beneficial for cost reduction and the reduction of membrane heat transfer coefficient only affects the cost of the DCMD system.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.193-207
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• 2016

Boron is one of the most problematic inorganic pollutants and is difficult to remove in water. Strict standards have been imposed for boron content in water because of their high toxicity at high concentrations. Technologies using membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have increasingly been employed in many industrial sectors. In this work, removal of boron from model water solutions was investigated using polyamide reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. RO-AG, RO-SG, NF-90 and NF-HL membranes were used to reduce the boron from model water at different operational conditions. To understand the boron separation properties a characterization of the four membranes was performed by determining the pure water permeability, surface charge and molecular weight cut-off. Thereafter, the effect of feed pressure, concentration, ionic strength, nature of ions in solution and pH on the rejection of boron were studied. The rejection of boron can reach up to 90% for the three membranes AG, SG and NF-90 at pH = 11. The Spiegler-Kedem model was applied to experimental results to determine the reflection coefficient of the membrane ${\sigma}$ and the solute permeability $P_s$.

• 멤브레인
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.111-123
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• 2020

산업화와 기후 변화는 깨끗한 식수에 대한 수요 증가를 초래하였다. 막분리공정을 이용한 해수담수화는 물의 수요에 대한 요구를 채울 수 있는 경제적으로 실현 가능한 대안 중 하나이다. 막분리공정에서 2차원 재료들은 기존 역삼투분리막(reverse osmosis membrane) 기반의 폴리아마이드 박막복합막(TFC-PA)과 비교하였을 때 막의 강도를 높여주고 투수성을 용이하게 하며 높은 염제거율 및 높은 선속률과 선택성을 보여준다. 이 리뷰 논문에서는 재료, 합성, 특징, 해수담수화 과정을 기반으로 다양한 2차원 재료로 구성된 복합막들을 소개하고 있다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.201-201
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• 2010

The evaporative desalination system with solar energy would be the efficient and attractive method to get fresh water. This study was described the development of Multi Effect Distillation(MED) with solar energy desalination system. The system was designed and manufactured Multi effect distillation on the capacity of $3m^3$/day. The experimental apparatus consists mainly of ejector pump, Hot water pump, flow meter, demister, cooler, evaporator and condenser. Evaporator and condenser were made Shell&Tube Heat Exchanger type with corrugated tube. The experimental variables were chosen $75^{\circ}C$ for hot water inlet temperature, 40, 60 and $80{\ell}$/min for hot water inlet volume flow rate, 6.0 and $8.0{\ell}$/min for evaporator feed seawater flow rate, $18^{\circ}C$ for sea water inlet temperature to cover the average sea water temperature and the salinity of sea water is measured about 33,000 PPM (parts per million). for a year in Korea. This study was analyzed the results of thermal performance of Multi Effect Distillation. The results are as follows, The experimental Multi effect distillation is required about 40 kW heat source for production of $3m^3$/day fresh water. Various operating flow rate was confirm in the experiments to get the optimum design data and the results showed that the optimum total flow was $8.0{\ell}$/min. Comparison of Single Effect Distillation with Multi Effect Distillation showed MED is at least more than double of SED.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1185-1191
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• 2008

The core design technology for the multi-effect desalination plant using the thermo compressor (MED-TVC) was investigated by the performance test of multi effect desalination plant in this paper. The final G.O.R (gain of output ratio) of MED-TVC type desalination plant is strongly affected by the performance of thermo-vapor compressor. The present experiments for the desalinating capacity and G.O.R were obtained for the range of the motive steam pressure, 266.0, 250.0, 230.0 and 200.0 kPa. And as a practical problem, to investigate the influence of the sea water temperature to the G.O.R, the inlet steam temperature of the suction water vapor was changed in the range of $311.2{\sim}324.2$ K in the present experiment. Through the experiments, the maximum value of G.O.R was 8.5 at the condition of the motive steam pressure, 136.0 kPa and the minimum value of G.O.R was 8.1 at the condition of the motive steam pressure, 266.0 kPa. And it was confirmed that the range of desalination capacity was $355.2{\sim}264.0$ ton/day in the normal operation condition.

• 대한기계학회논문집 C: 기술과 교육
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 한외여과막과 역삼투압막으로 이루어진 해수담수화장치를 구성하였다. 해수를 취수하여 디스크필터와 한외여과막을 이용한 전처리설비를 통과시켜 생산한 전처리수의 $SDI_{15}$와 탁도를 측정하여 역삼투압해수담수설비에 적합함을 밝혔다. 역삼투압해수담수설비의 부산물인 브라인을 전처리수와 혼합하여 역삼투압해수담수설비의 입구농도를 변화시켰다. 농도 변화실험에서, 해수농도가 역삼투압해수담수설비의 성능에 끼치는 영향을 실험으로 구하였다. 염배제율, 회수율, 생산수의 수질은 입구농도에 따라 많은 변화가 있었으며, 에너지소비량도 입구농도에 거의 선형적으로 상승하는 것을 실험으로 구하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2018

The objectives of the research were 1) to develop the low-cost and high efficient desalination system to treat brackish water having high salt contents for irrigation at greenhouses near coast, and 2) to monitor and assess the effects of the brackish water desalination system on soil environment and growth in squash greenhouse cultivation area. The monitoring site was one of the squash greenhouse cultivation farm at Choengam-ri, Jinsang-myun, Gwangyang-si, Jeonnam-Do Monitoring results for groundwater irrigation water quality, and salinity showed a remarkable difference between control and treatment group. The salinity of soil at treatment group was less than at control group. While, the system made possible to increase the squash quantity from 4.7 ea to 6.3 ea at each and the average weight of the harvested squash was increased from 277.2 g to 295.1 g. The applied brackish water desalination system may be appled to reclaim sea or brackish irrigated area as alternative water resources, although long-term monitoring is needed to get more representative results at different level of salinity.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.599-609
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• 2017

Desalination plants have been recently constructed in many parts of the world due to water scarcity caused by population growth, industrialization and climate change. Most seawater desalination plants are designed with a submarine pipeline for intake and discharge. Submarine pipelines are installed directly on the bottom of the water body if the bottom is sandy and flat. Intake is located on a low-energy shoreline with minimal exposure to beach erosion, heavy storms, typhoons, tsunamis, or strong underwater currents. Typically, HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) pipes are used in such a configuration. Submarine pipelines cause many problems when they are not properly designed; HDPE pipelines can be floated or exposed to strong currents and wind or tidal action. This study examines the optimal design method for the trench depth of pipeline, analysis of on-bottom stability and dilution of the concentrate based on the desalination plant conducted at the Pacific coast of Peru, Chilca. As a result of this study, the submarine pipeline should be trenched at least below 1.8 m. The same direction of pipeline with the main wind is a key factor to achieve economic stability. The concentrate should be discharged as much as high position to yield high dilution rate.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2013

Gas hydrate (GH) process is a new desalination technology, where GH is a non- stoichiometric crystalline inclusion compounds formed by water and a number of gas molecules. Seawater GH is produced in a low temperature and a high pressure condition and they are separated from the concentrated seawater. The drawback of the GH process so far is that salt contents contained in its product does not meet the fresh water quality standard. This means that the GH process is not a standalone process for seawater desalination and it needs the help of other desalting process like reverse osmosis (RO). The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of GH process on energy saving for RO process in seawater desalination. The GH product water quality data, which were obtained from a literature, were used as input data for RO process simulation. The simulation results show that the energy saving effect by the GH process is in a range of 68 % to 81 %, which increases as the salt removal efficiency of the GH process increases. Boron (B) and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of the final product of the hybrid process of GH and RO were also investigated through the RO process simulation to find relavant salt rejection efficiency of the GH process. In conclusion, the salt rejection efficiency of the GH process should exceed at least 78% in order to meet the product water quality standards and to increase the energy saving effect.

• 멤브레인
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2010

현재 우리나라가 세계최고 수준을 보유한 해수담수화기술과 해외 플랜트 수주확대를 위한 정부정책의 필요성에 따라 지속적인 해수담수화 시장 선점을 위한 새로운 핵심기술개발이 중요해지는 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 그 중요성이 부각되고 있는 물산업의 동향, 해수담수화기술의 개요 및 시장현황을 고찰하고, 국가 R&D지원 정책방향 및 기술개발지원현황 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다. 기업의 담수플랜트 운전경험 축적을 바탕으로 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있도록 제도적 장치가 필요하며, 원천기술확보를 위한 전략적 R&D지원이 이루어져야 한다. 또한, 담수화 플랜트에 소요되는 핵심기자재에 대한 국산화가 선행되어야 할 것이다.