• 자원환경지질
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-34
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• 1968

Manganese ore deposits of the Samhan Changgun Properties are located at the valley of west-lope-side of Changgun-bong (1132m) occupied over the Myon border between Sochon-myon and Jaesan-myon Pongwha-gun, Kyongsang-Pukdo. Geology of the more property and it's vicinity consists of Wonnan formation and Yulri formation of pre-Cambrain and Changgun limestone formation, Mica-schist formation, quartizite formation and Jaesan formation (containing coal bearing zone the unknown age. And granites and dykes were intruded into the above formation later. 1. Management deposits is embedded the formation of Janggun limestone especially Contact zone in the contact zone to of Chunyang Granite limestone enclosed by Granite, and Maginal zone of fault line in the limestone. Therefore, Chunyang Granite is Closely related to ore deposit. Pegmatite which is near by ore deposit was intruded before mineralization and it seems to be a channelway of ore solution. The most important ore deposits of property grouped into south deposit, east deposit, east-Gachon deposit, South-Gachon deposit, Durimgok deposit and West deposit, out-crops at several place. Besides these deposits there also are several prospects on outcrop scathered. Hydrothermal alteration take place strongly in the well rock and it's sequence are Characterized as following; 1) Dolomitization 2) Carbonization 3) Mamgamotozation 4) Pyritization 5) Silicification 6) Oxidation 2. The grade of manganese dioxide is up to Mn 45% in Maximum, but generally, averaging Mn 30~35% of high grade ore and averaging Mn 30~32% of manganese carbonates are mined in his property.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2005

Nickel-iron nanocrystalline alloys with different compositions and grain sizes were fabricated by electro-plating for MEMS devices. The iron content of the deposits was changed by varying the nickel/iron ion ratio in the electrolyte. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was applied for measuring the strength of the texture and grain size of the deposits. The nickel/iron atom ratio of the deposits was analyzed by EDS. The hardness of the alloys was evaluated by Vickers hardness indenter. The internal stress of the deposits was measured by Thin Film Stress Measurement using Stoney's formula. Surface morphology and roughness were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results of this study revealed that at a grain size of approximately $17\~24$nm the hardness, internal stress and roughness depend strongly on the iron content. With increasing the iron content, the hardness and internal stress of the deposits increased. An excellent correlation between the increase in the internal stress and the loss of (200) texture was found.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2010

Hydrothermal deposits on deep-sea floors are expected to provide potential metal resources for future demands. Korea was recently granted a prospecting licence to undertake exploration for hydrothermal metal deposits in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the Kingdom of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The Korean Deep Seabed Mining Group (KDSMG), which consists of four Korean companies involved in marine technologies, oil and gas shipping, and smelter industries, has conducted research to evaluate the region's resource potential in cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) of Korea. Here we present and reflect on the exploration results of these companies and their strategic plans. We also evaluate Research and Development (R&D) progress for the commercial development of seafloor hydrothermal deposits. Our own strategies and prospects for the commercial development of this potential resource are also outlined. We do acknowledge that other potentially important information regarding the amount of ore body, the inside structure, and the metal yields have not yet been clarified sufficiently. As such it is necessary to address these problems through experimental R&D and surveys.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 1984

The Gwangyang gold deposits geologically consist of granitic gneiss, metatectic gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss which correspond to Jirisan gneiss complex. The formations of Gyeongsang system lies unconformably on these gneisses and are intruded by diorite, porphyritic andesite and Bulgugsa granites. Goheung districts are composed of quartz schist, andesitic rock, tuff and granite. The Gwangyang gold deposits are gold bearing fissure filling veins. The vein thickness varies from 15cm to 40cm and they consist of 7-10 layers in parallel. The Goheung copper deposits are sulphide bearing quartz veln which filled the fracture in andesitic rock and biotite granite. The contact zone of these rocks is partially altered. The mineral paragenesis of the Gwangyang and Goheung districts is pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, sericite, quartz and calcite. The variation trends of FMA and A'KF triangular diagrams and the differentiation index (norm, Q + Or + Ab) versus oxides diagrams is similar to the Gyeonsang basin igneous rocks. From the trace element analysis of 10 samples of country rocks, wall rocks and veins, the distribution of copper and lead contents display a correlative distribution pattern in relation to gold and silver. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions range from $200^{\circ}C$ to $270^{\circ}C$ in quartz from the Gwangyang gold vein and the size of fluid inclusion range from 0.01mm to 0.04mm. The fluid inclusions are mainly one or two phase and the filling degree of the inclusions varies from 85 to 95.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.395-405
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• 1996

The Donjin deposits which is located in the Chinan Basin, are emplaced along $N10{\sim}40^{\circ}E$ trending fissure sets. So it is a sort of fissure-filling ore deposits. The results of paragenetic studies suggest two stages of hydrothermal mineralization; stage I: base-metal sulfides stage, stage II: late base-metal sulfides, electrum and silver-bearing sulfosalts stage. Au: Ag ratios of the electrums show that Ag atomic% are higher than that of Au. The temperature and salinity of the Donjin deposits estimated from fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope geothermometry are as follows; stage I: $240{\sim}315^{\circ}C$, 2.4~7.1 NaCl eq. wt.%, stage II: $190{\sim}268^{\circ}C$, 4.6~8.4 NaCl eq. wt.%. The estimated oxygen and sulfur fugacity during first stage mineralization, based on phase relation of associated minerals, range from $10^{-35}{\sim}10^{-39.7}$ atm. and$10^{-11}{\sim}10^{-13.4}$ atm., respectively. All these evidences suggest that the Dongjin deposits are polymetallic meso-epithermal ore deposits.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 1991

Electroless Ni-Cu-P alloy plating of Al base hard disk was performed to investigate some properties according to the change of composition. It was found that the composition of Ni and Cu in deposits changed linearly with increasing the mole ratio of NiSO4.6H2O/CuSO4.5H2O. The increase in hardness by heat - treatment was confirmed to be associated with small size grained crystallization of the amorphous deposits. Acid resistance of all deposits layer. which had been heated up to 30$0^{\circ}C$, was found to be exellent when immersed in 1N-H2SO4 solution, and it showed more superior acid resistance with decreasing Cu content and with increasing P. The resistivity of the deposits heat treated became smaller at temperature more than 50$0^{\circ}C$, and it became largerly with increasing P content. Cu 44.1wt% alloy(C bath) showed the most superior non-magnetically stable characteristics after heat treatment. It was superiorly with higher temperature and with decreasing P content.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2013

KIOST developed a deep-sea mining robot called "MineRo" to collect manganese nodules in 2007. MineRo operates on flat ground. SMS (seafloor massive sulfide) deposits are shaped like undulating mountains. This paper deals with a numerical analysis model of a mining robot for SMS deposits. The mining robot consists of a tracked vehicle, chassis structure with a turntable, boom arm with 2 articulations, excavation tool, discharging unit, hydro-electric system, and sensing-and-monitoring system. In order to compare and analyze the dynamic responses of the driving mechanism, various tracked vehicles are modeled using commercial software. Straight driving simulations are conducted under undulating ground conditions. A conceptual design of a mining robot with four track systems for SMS deposits is modeled on the basis of these results.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.241-259
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• 2022

희토류 원소 (Rare Earth Elements; REE)는 전통적으로 카보나타이트나 풍화잔류광상에서 채광이 이루어졌다. 하지만, 최근 각종 첨단산업에 활용되는 희토류 원소의 수요증가로 인해, 추가적인 희토류 부존량 확보를 위한 비전통적인 희토류 광상으로서 함희토류 탄층이 주목받고 있다. 함희토류 탄층은 일반적인 탄층보다 높은 농도 (> 300 ppm)의 희토류 원소를 함유하는 탄층을 의미한다. 이는 크게 3가지 성인유형으로 분류되며, 두가지 이상 성인의 복합작용으로 형성되기도 한다. 우선, 육성형 (terrigenous) 함희토류 탄층은 주로 보크사이트 광상 기원 광물들의 이동 및 재퇴적에 의해 형성되며, 주로 LREE (Light REE)가 부화된다. 응회질형 (tuffaceous) 함희토류 탄층은 화산 분출에 기인한 화산재가 석탄 분지에 유입이 되어 형성된다. 이 유형은 주로 화산재기원의 함희토류 광물들과 자생기원의 인산염 광물들이 탄층과 톤스테인층의 경계부에 얇은 층상으로 농집되며, 희토류가 균질하게 분포하는 수평형 REE 패턴을 갖는다. 마지막으로, 열수형 (hydrothermal) 함희토류 탄층은 화성암기원 열수에 의해 희토류가 유입되어 형성된다. 이러한 탄층에서는 함할로겐 인산염 광물들과 함수광물들이 세립질의 자생형으로 존재하며, 주로 HREE (Heavy REE)가 부화된다. 미국은 이미 켄터키주 파이어 클레이 탄층을 대상으로 탐사로부터 선별 및 공정개발을 통해 고순도 산화 희토류의 생산에 성공하였으며, 연간 희토류 소비량의 약 7% 공급을 목표로 연구를 확장하고 있다. 한국의 경우, 경주-영일 탄전의 갈탄층이 응회암층과 함탄층이 협재하는 특징을 보이고, 압밀작용의 영향이 상대적으로 적은 신생대 제3기의 연대를 갖는 것으로 보아 응회질형 함희토류 탄층으로서의 개발 가능성이 기대된다. 따라서, 국내 희토류 공급망 다각화를 위해 함희토류 탄층 대상의 광물, 광상 및 퇴적학적 연구를 통한 개발 가능성 평가가 우선적으로 요구된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.3-13
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• 1995

Electroless Ni and Cu platings were conducted on $B_4C$ and SiC. In the electroless Ni plating, the deposition rate on $B_4C$ was higher than on SiC. However, the electroless Cu deposition occured with high deposition rate regardless of the carbide substrates used in this study. Uniformity of the deposits was better in the electroless Cu deposition than in the electroless Ni deposition. In the topographies of the electroless depositions, Ni deposits have grown as colony, whereas Cu deposits have grown as fine individual grains.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 1983

The Tongyeong gold-silver deposits is located in Chungmu City, the southern end of Korean peninsula. The ore deposits is epithermal gold-silver vein emplaced in late Cretaceous andesite, andesitic pyroclastics and quartz porphyry. Ore is composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, electrum, argentian tetrahedrite, Cu-Ag-sulfides, quartz and rhodochrosite. Filling temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from 134 to $223^{\circ}C$ and salinity ranges from 1.2 to 3.8 weight % equivalent to NaCl.