• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.27-45
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• 2006

On this research, we classified Korean consumers into several comsumer groups based on the different decision-making process they endorse, and then investigated the difference among these consumer groups in frequency, expenditure, satisfaction in using different types of retail stores. For this research, we have surveyed consumers dwelling in Seoul and in near-Seoul areas in 2004. The following is the summary of the main results. First, 'enjoy shopping' group showed a high expenditure rate in department store shopping and internet shopping, whereas 'impulsive decision' group more frequently visited traditional market places, 'fashion pursuing' group and 'enjoy shopping' group visited department stores more frequently than traditional market places. Second, 'impulsive decision' group assessed that the traditional market place offers better price and quality. Also 'impulsive decision' group and 'enjoy shopping' group assessed positively on the AS provided by department stores, and assessed negatively on the AS provided by internet shopping malls. Finally, 'fashion pursuer' group preferred buying foods from traditional market places, while 'brand seeker' group and 'fashion pursuer' group preferred buying clothes from discount stores. While 'enjoy shopping' group showed a high preference in buying clothes in department stores, 'rational decision-making' group showed a low preference in buying clothes in department stores.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.61-72
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• 2017

Purpose - Despite that the importance of small enterprises' performance in the community has been magnified, no study has been conducted yet on the performance based on consumers directly faced by small enterprises. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the life styles of consumers who use small enterprises' stores by type and the word of mouth(WOM) effects, which are concrete behaviors of consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - The VALS classification system was utilized to classify the types of life styles of consumers who use small enterprises' stores. The consumers were divided into a total of four types. This study was intended to investigate the effects of the types of consumers on the word of mouth(WOM) effects of consumers who use small enterprises' stores along with the effects of consumers' perception of economic situations on their word of mouth(WOM) effects after using small enterprises' stores. Results - The results of the study indicated that among the types of consumers who use small enterprises' stores, the group that pursues faith and the group that pursues knowledge had positive (+) effects on favorable word of mouth(WOM) effects. However, the group that pursues trends and the group that pursues action were shown to have no effect and positive or negative perceptions of economic situations were shown to have no effects of the word of mouth(WOM) effects of users of small enterprises' stores. Conclusions - In this study, as a measure to create small enterprises' performance, word of mouth(WOM) effects on small enterprises' stores according to consumers' consumption behaviors were examined focusing on consumers. Through the study results, the groups of consumers who use small enterprises' stores by type that provide favorable word of mouth(WOM) effects were derived. And This Study aims to investigate the relationship between the four type life styles of consumer who use small enterprises' stores and the word of mouth(WOM) effect. Accordingly This study is significant in that it derived a measure to create small enterprises' performance centering on consumers and that it presented a cornerstone for the establishment of small enterprises at the government level.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.49-60
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to utilize geographic data to analyze how various retail formats of large-scale stores around the traditional market affect the performance of the traditional market in Seoul, Korea. Research design, data, and methodology: The two types of catchment areas were demarcated (circle of 1km radius and Thiessen polygon) for each traditional market, and the large-scale stores located within each catchment area were identified for 153 traditional markets in Seoul, Korea. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was utilized. Results: The results revealed that the influence on the performance of the traditional markets were different depending on the retail format of the large-scale stores. Large discount stores were found to have a negative effect on the sales and the visitors of traditional markets, whereas complex shopping malls and department stores had a positive effect on the traditional markets. Conclusions: As a result of the differences in the retail format such as product categories and leisure functions, the impact of some large-scale stores on the traditional market may have a greater agglomeration effect than the consumer churn effect. Therefore, it is suggested that in the regulation of these large-scale stores, the differences in retail format should be considered for the future.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.325-328
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• 2007

Mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts were measured and compared for seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons and sold in different market types. Very significant differences in microbial counts were found among seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons (winter, spring, and summer) and among different market types (a traditional market, discount store, and department store). However, there was no significant difference among the stores within each market group. The interactions were significant at a 1% significance level. The variance of summer counts was much lower than spring and winter counts. Discount and department stores showed a higher variation in microbial counts than traditional markets. The microbial counts differed substantially from season to season in the same market group (summer > spring > winter) except between spring and summer in traditional markets. The microbial loads in the winter and spring seasons of seasoned soybean sprouts in traditional markets were clearly higher than in other market groups, while discount stores had the highest microbial count in summer.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.879-889
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dimensions of clothing benefits sought of male and female consumers in their twenties. It also aimed to investigate the demographic characteristics associated with customers types and the relationship among the related variables by the consumers types. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test, cluster analysis, and $X^2$-test. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The clothing benefits consisted of five factors, which were the pursuit of style, individuality, popular brand, vogue, and practicality. Based on these five factors, respondents were classified into four consumer types, which were style-and-trend-oriented, practicality-oriented, popular brand-oriented, and fashion indifference consumers. 2) In terms of the demographics, there were significant differences in age, gender, and total income among the consumer types of clothing benefits. 3) There was a significant difference in single brand loyalty in terms of the consumers types of clothing benefits. The popular brand-oriented group showed the highest mean in the single brand loyalty, while the practicality-oriented group did the lowest. 4) There were significant differences in the selection of the stores among consumers types of clothing benefits. Specifically, the style-and-trend-oriented group the most selected department stores, while practicality-oriented group chose fashion outlets or online shopping malls the most. Additionally, in terms of the information sources, the style-and-trend-oriented group the most frequently used magazine ads, while the popular-brand-oriented group preferred commercials on TV or radio, direct mail, or flyers from department stores. On the other hand, the fashion indifference group the most frequently used mass media.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.79-102
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• 2007

Consumers evaluate stores by comparing stores that we, in their minds, similar and are competitive with one another; and in this way, the term "consideration set of stores" is defined as those store alternatives the consumer is aware of and evaluates positively. The purpose of this study is to aid in understanding the consideration set of stores in store choice processes in apparel product purchases. More specifically, this study aims to clarify the relation between consideration set of stores and importance of store image. As a result, the respondents of quantitative study were classified into seven groups by the number of stores and store types they considered: 1) "small-road shop sets group" ; 2) "small-market sets group" ; 3) "small- department store sets group" ; 4) "small-department store/outlet sets group" ; 5) "large-department store/market sets group" ; 6) "large-department store/road shop sets group" ; and 7) "large-department store sets group". Further, significant differences among the groups in the importance of store image were observed. For example, low prices were an important factor in both the small-market considering group and large-department store/market considering group when choosing a retail store, there were also differences in the considering groups in that for the small-department store considering group, store mileage-discount cards were important whereas ample space for relaxation around the stores were important retail store selection factors for the large-department store/road shop considering group. This study may provide a useful direction to retailers in finding out who the target customers and competitive stores are and allow retailers to make proper marketing strategies.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.302-311
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middle and high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2001

A study on temperature control of freezers & refrigerators in department stores and supermakets was conducted in Taegu are from July 15 through August 30 in order to determine how the temperature is effectively controled for food safety. Five departments and four supermarkets were selected randomly and fifty seven refrigerators and fifty nine freezers were inspected to observe temperature of thermometers and measure the temperature of the coolers by laser thermometer. The results are as follow; 1. Out of one hundred and sixteen coolers, eighty six (74.1%) were open type coolers and thirty (25.9%) were closed types (p<.05). 2. Twenty five (89.3%) of refrigerators and twenty three (82.1%) of freezers in department stores had thermometers and twenty seven refrigerators (93.1%) and twenty two (71%) of freezers in supermarkets had thermometers respectively (p<.01). 3. The measured temperatures of coolers increased in the afternoon to compared to the temperatures of them in the morning time (p<.01). The difference of temperatures of coolers between department stores and supermarkets was wider in the supermarkets and difference of temperatures of food items between refrigerators and freezers was wider in the refrigerators but the difference was not statistically significant. 4. The temperatures of forty four (84.6%) out of fifty two refrigerators within recommended ranges and those of forty two (93.3%) of forty five freezers higher than recommended ranges (p<.05).

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.115-130
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• 2011

Many online stores bring features that can build trust in their customers. More so, the number of products or content services on online stores has been increasing rapidly. Hence, personalization on online stores is considered to be an important technology to companies and customers. Recommender systems that provide favorable products and customer product reviews to users are the most commonly used features in this purpose. There are many studies to that investigated the relationship between social presence as an antecedent of trust and provision of recommender systems or customer product reviews. Many online stores have made efforts to increase perceived social presence of their customers through customer reviews, recommender systems, and analyzing associations among products. Primarily because social presence can increase customer trust or reuse intention for online stores. However, there were few studies that investigated the interactions between recommendation type, product type and provision of customer product reviews on social presence. Therefore, one of the purposes of this study is to identify the effects of personalized recommender systems and compare the role of customer reviews with product types. This study performed an experiment to see these interactions. Experimental web pages were developed with $2{\times}2$ factorial setting based on how to provide social presence to users with customer reviews and two product types such as hedonic and utilitarian. The hedonic type was a ringtone chosen from Nate.com while the utilitarian was a TOEIC study aid book selected from Yes24.com. To conduct the experiment, web based experiments were conducted for the participants who have been shopping on the online stores. Participants were a total of 240 and 30% of the participants had the chance of getting the presents. We found out that social presence increased for hedonic products when personalized recommendations were given compared to non.personalized recommendations. Although providing customer reviews for two product types did not significantly increase social presence, provision of customer product reviews for hedonic (ringtone) increased perceived social presence. Otherwise, provision of customer product reviews could not increase social presence when the systems recommend utilitarian products (TOEIC study.aid books). Therefore, it appears that the effects of increasing perceived social presence with customer reviews have a difference for product types. In short, the role of customer reviews could be different based on which product types were considered by customers when they are making a decision related to purchasing on the online stores. Additionally, there were no differences for increasing perceived social presence when providing customer reviews. Our participants might have focused on how recommendations had been provided and what products were recommended because our developed systems were providing recommendations after participants rating their preferences. Thus, the effects of customer reviews could appear more clearly if our participants had actual purchase opportunity for the recommendations. Personalized recommender systems can increase social presence of customers more than nonpersonalized recommender systems by using user preference. Online stores could find out how they can increase perceived social presence and satisfaction of their customers when customers want to find the proper products with recommender systems and customer reviews. In addition, the role of customer reviews of the personalized recommendations can be different based on types of the recommended products. Even if this study conducted two product types such as hedonic and utilitarian, the results revealed that customer reviews for hedonic increased social presence of customers more than customer reviews for utilitarian. Thus, online stores need to consider the role of providing customer reviews with highly personalized information based on their product types when they develop the personalized recommender systems.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to examine how shoppers perceive and are influenced by crowding in apparel retail environment. Because shopping occurs in a spatially defined environment within a relatively short time, both crowding and the consequences of experiencing it are very important to retailers and researchers. The study explores the consequences of retail crowding in terms of shoppers' perception of store image, shopping enjoyment, and repurchase intention across two retail types, department stores and wholesale markets. The result showed that if shoppers perceived lower level of crowding, they perceived more positive store image, and spent more time in department stores. However, interestingly, retail crowding didn't influence store image of wholesale markets. Rather, if shoppers perceived higher level of crowding in wholesale markets, they had higher level of shopping enjoyment and repurchase intention. This can be interpreted as shoppers consider the crowding of retail environment as a token of attractive shopping places in terms of better deals and good quality in case of wholesale markets.