• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2016

Despite the size layer is an important part for conserving the artworks in the configuration of oil painting, the conservation scientific approaches of that have not been made yet. Therefore, this study produced standard samples on the basis of the analysis results of oil painting works, and carried out the evaluation of functions of the size layer materials. As a result of literature material, traditionally, animal glue was used for the size layer, whereas synthetic resin have been used in combination with animal glue since the modern age, in particular, it was identified that Polyvinyl Acetate(PVAc) was in general use. As a result of analysis of oil painting works, size layer was detected on the support and it was identified as animal glue. As a result of analysis based on Funaoka canvas for ground, it showed that the lead oxide and the titanium dioxide were the main constituents. On the basis of these results, standard samples were produced. As a result of evaluation on the functions of the size layer materials, in the case of the animal glue, stable result was observed in the shrinkag expansion rate, whereas slight weakness was observed in moisture proofing, color, and tensile strength, and dense cracks were found on surface. As for PVAc(A), moisture proofing, color, and the tensile strength exhibited stable results. Higher shrinkage rate was observed and the cracks with wide gaps were found on surface. As for PVAc(B), tensile strength, shrinkage expansion rate, and surface observation showed stable results, whereas moisture proofing property showed poor results. Different aspects were observed in each experiment, and this phenomena were considered to be due to the density and the adhesion properties between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules in the size layer materials. The results are expected to be used as materials for the oil painting work conservation henceforth.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2011

Recommender system is the system which, by using automated information filtering technology, recommends products or services to the customers who are likely to be interested in. Those systems are widely used in many different Web retailers such as Amazon.com, Netfix.com, and CDNow.com. Various recommender systems have been developed. Among them, Collaborative Filtering (CF) has been known as the most successful and commonly used approach. CF identifies customers whose tastes are similar to those of a given customer, and recommends items those customers have liked in the past. Numerous CF algorithms have been developed to increase the performance of recommender systems. However, the relative performances of CF algorithms are known to be domain and data dependent. It is very time-consuming and expensive to implement and launce a CF recommender system, and also the system unsuited for the given domain provides customers with poor quality recommendations that make them easily annoyed. Therefore, predicting in advance whether the performance of CF recommender system is acceptable or not is practically important and needed. In this study, we propose a decision making guideline which helps decide whether CF is adoptable for a given application with certain transaction data characteristics. Several previous studies reported that sparsity, gray sheep, cold-start, coverage, and serendipity could affect the performance of CF, but the theoretical and empirical justification of such factors is lacking. Recently there are many studies paying attention to Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a method to analyze social relationships among people. SNA is a method to measure and visualize the linkage structure and status focusing on interaction among objects within communication group. CF analyzes the similarity among previous ratings or purchases of each customer, finds the relationships among the customers who have similarities, and then uses the relationships for recommendations. Thus CF can be modeled as a social network in which customers are nodes and purchase relationships between customers are links. Under the assumption that SNA could facilitate an exploration of the topological properties of the network structure that are implicit in transaction data for CF recommendations, we focus on density, clustering coefficient, and centralization which are ones of the most commonly used measures to capture topological properties of the social network structure. While network density, expressed as a proportion of the maximum possible number of links, captures the density of the whole network, the clustering coefficient captures the degree to which the overall network contains localized pockets of dense connectivity. Centralization reflects the extent to which connections are concentrated in a small number of nodes rather than distributed equally among all nodes. We explore how these SNA measures affect the performance of CF performance and how they interact to each other. Our experiments used sales transaction data from H department store, one of the well?known department stores in Korea. Total 396 data set were sampled to construct various types of social networks. The dependant variable measuring process consists of three steps; analysis of customer similarities, construction of a social network, and analysis of social network patterns. We used UCINET 6.0 for SNA. The experiments conducted the 3-way ANOVA which employs three SNA measures as dependant variables, and the recommendation accuracy measured by F1-measure as an independent variable. The experiments report that 1) each of three SNA measures affects the recommendation accuracy, 2) the density's effect to the performance overrides those of clustering coefficient and centralization (i.e., CF adoption is not a good decision if the density is low), and 3) however though the density is low, the performance of CF is comparatively good when the clustering coefficient is low. We expect that these experiment results help firms decide whether CF recommender system is adoptable for their business domain with certain transaction data characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.739-747
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• 2011

The major 81 tributaries in Chungcheongnam-do were monitored for flowrate and water quality in order to understand the characteristics of the watershed and to select the tributary catchment for improving water quality. The value of flowrate in the tributaries at Nonsancheon catchment at the Geum-River watershed and Gokgyocheon, Muhancheon, Sapgyocheon at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed, which is located in the southern and northern area in Chungcheongnam-do, was relatively greater than the other watersheds. The concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Nonsancheon catchment at the Geum-River watershed, Gokgyocheon catchment at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed and the Anseongcheon watershed, which have a dense source of pollution, were higher than the other watersheds. However, 64 percent of the tributaries at the Geum-River watershed, 45 percent of tributaries at the Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed, 26 percent of tributaries at the Geum-River watershed all satisfied the Class II regulations in the Framework Act on Environment Policy, but all of the tributaries located in the Anseongcheon watershed exceeded the Class II regulations. Therefore, the policy for improving the water quality of the tributary in Chungcheongnam-do should be established in the following order: Anseongcheon, Seohae, Sapgyo-Reservoir watersheds. Consequently, the tributary catchment for improving water quality, which has a large flowrate and a high concentration of water pollutants, was selected at Ganggyeongcheon, Geumcheon, Nonsancheon, Seokseongcheon, Seungcheoncheon, Jeongancheon, Jeungsancheon (so far Geum-River watershed), Gokgyocheon, Namwoncheon, Maegokcheon, Muhancheon, Sapgyocheon Oncheoncheon, Cheonancheon (so far Sapgyo-Reservoir watershed), Gwangcheoncheon, Dangjincheon, Daecheoncheon, Dodangcheon, Waryongcheon, Cheongjicheon, Pangyocheon, Heungincheon (so far Seohae watershed), Dunpocheon, Seonghwancheon, Ipjangcheon (so far Anseongcheon watershed). The plans as installation of environmental facilities to reduce the source of pollution for improving the water quality of these tributary catchments should be urgently established and implemented.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRY), Bartha strain, into the ductus deferens of rats. After survival times 4-5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned ($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and PRY inummohistochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows ; 1. The location of sympathetic ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in pelvic ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion and L1-6 lwnbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The location of spinal ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in T13-L6 spinal ganglia. 3. The PRY labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in lateral spinal nucleus, lamina I, II and X of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, PRY labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III, and dorsolateral part of lamina IV and V. Densely labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus. In first lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal commisural nucleus. In sixth lumbar segment and sacral segments, dense labeled neurons were observed in sacral parasympathetic nuc., lamina IX and X. 4. In the medulla oblongata, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in the trigeminal spinal nuc., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nuc., rostroventrolateral reticular nuc., area postrema, nuc. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nuc., raphe pallidus nuc., raphe magnus nuc., parapyramidal nuc., lateral reticular nuc., gigantocellular reticular nuc.. 5. In the pons, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were ohserved in parabrachial nuc., Kolliker-Fuse nuc., locus cooruleus, subcooruleus nuc. and AS noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nuc.. 7. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in paraventricular hypahalamic nuc., lateral hypothalamic nuc., retrochiasmatic nuc. and ventromedial hypothalamic nuc.. 8. In cerebrum, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in area 1 of parietal cortex. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat ductus deferens might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscles in ductus deferens. These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitaing the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from ductus deferens to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatornical basic evidence in the regulation of ductus deferens function.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.83-94
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of cancellous and cortical bone and the effect of estrogen in ovariectomized rats. Fifty female rats, 250gm in body weight, were divided into three groups : ovariectomized group(OVE), ovariectomized and estrogen-injected group(OVE-EST), and sham operated and estrogen-injected group(EST). Bilateral ovariectomy was performed at the onset of the experiment. In OVE-EST group and EST group, estrogen was injected $50{\mu}g/kg$ B.W. every other days from 3 weeks after surgery to sacrifice. Each five rats were sacrificed after 5, 6, 7 weeks. One side of mandibular body was radiographed with a soft x-ray apparatus(Hitex Co., Ltd., Japan). Thereafter the obtained microradiographs were used for the morphometric analysis using a Image analyzer. The morphometric analysis was perforrmed for parameters such as total bone area, cortex bone area and medullary bone area. The other side of the mandibular bone was decalcified and embedded in paraffin as using a general method. The specimens were sectioned and stained with Mallory's anilline blue and observed light microscopically. The results were as follows. 1 In all groups, the proportion of cortex to total bone area was not significantly different. 2. In ovariectomized(OVE) group, the proportion of marrow cavity to medullary bone area increased significantly from 5 to 7 weeks(p<0.05). In ovariectomized and estrogen-injected(OVE-EST) group, it decreased significantly at 7 weeks, and in estrogen-injected(EST) group, it decreased significantly from 6 weeks(p<0.05). 3. Microradiogram and histopathologic findings revealed that marrow cavity was enlarged and osteoclasts were observed around irregular bone surface in OVE group. In OVE-EST group, the size of marrow cavity at 7 weeks was similar to that of control group. In EST group, as dense trabecular bone increased from 5 to 7 weeks, marrow cavity decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2001

This research was conducted to develop seedling production techniques in flat oyster, Ostrea dense lamellosa. The cultivation of larvae, artificial spat and spats collection in natural conditions rate were examined. In the mass culture tank (3 tons), average growth rates of the D Shape larvae of initial shell length (153.4 ㎛) and shell height (153.4 ㎛) were 202.6% and 212.9% at 16 days and 227.1%, 241.8% at 20 days, respectively. Instantaneous death and survival rate of the larvae were 0.160 and 54.8% at 16 days and 0.057 and 43.2% at 20 days, respectively. Collection rate of flat oyster from bottom using various collectors with oyster shell, scallop shell, ark shell and PVC plates were 32.9%, 24.1%, 16.8% and 10.0%, respectively. and the greatest collecting rate was 131.9 individuals/shell (32.9%) in laid collectors on the bottom. The collecting rate of the oyster larvae were better in laid collectors on the bottom 83.8 individuals/collection than in the suspended string 54.2 individuals/collection. in all collecting substrates. Early spats settled on collectors were grew to 2.38 $\pm$ 0.97 ㎜ in shell length and 2.16 $\pm$ 0.86 ㎜ In shell height at 26 days. The spats were grew to 28.58 $\pm$ 2.39 ㎜ in shell length and 31.65 $\pm$ 2.03 ㎜ in shell height during the 4 month mid-term cultivation. In the period of cultivation, the mean number of spats attached to collectors were 10.3 individuals at oyster shells, 5.8 scallop shells, 4.0 ark shells and 1.5 PVC plates, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.451-462
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• 1975

The qualities of the grape wines brewed with the varieties of Steuben, Muscat Bailey A, Merlot, Campbell Early and Alden were compared, and studied the mashing methods of the wine with a variety of Muscat Bailey A. and then investigated the aging effects of ultrasonic wave and the baking treatments on the new wines. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Extracts of the new wines brewed with the varieties of Steuben and Alden were 2.55 and 1.88 per cent respectively and the color densities of the wines with Merlot and Alden were 3.5 and 1.05 (optical density) respectively, and the other contents were not significantly different beween varieties. On the Otherhand, the results of sensory test showed that the order of favorite was the wines brewed with Steuben, Muscat Bailey A, Merlot, Campbell Early and Alden. 2. The effect of pasteurization ($55^{\circ}C$, 20 min.) on the inhibition of the growth of undesirable microorganism was appeared almost the same degree as the case of sulfiting (100 ppm), and the pasteurized must was more dense in color but slightly turbid than the case of sulfiting. 3. Glucose syrup was in adequate as a materials for supplemental sugar, and the quality of the new wine further fermented the free-run wine added the alcohol to be a constant alcohol content was almost the same as that of control. 4. Baking at $50^{\circ}C$. for 50 days to t he new wine from 0.45 to 0.65 per cent, and color density was also thicken from 2.8 to 3.17 (O. D). 5. Baking at $40^{\circ}C$. for 50days to the new wine brewed with Muscat Bailey A, increased the ester content of the wine from 0.37 to 0.65 per cent and color density was-also thicken from 3. to 4.2 (O.D). 6. Ultrasonic wave (150 watt, 20Kc) treatment for 10 hours to the new wine brewed with Muscat Bailey A, increased the ester content of the wine from 0.37 to 0.47 per cent.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

To reveal and classify site characteristics in densely populated areas in Chuncheon, Korea, Rayleigh-waves were recorded at 50 sites including four sites in the forest area using four 1-Hz velocity sensors and 24 4.5-Hz vertical geophones during the period of January 2011 to May 2013. Dispersion curves of the Rayleigh waves obtained by the extended spatial autocorrelation method were inverted to derive shear-wave velocity ($v_s$) models comprising 40 horizontal layers of 1-m thickness. Depths to weathered rocks ($D_b$), shear wave velocities of these basement rocks ($v_s^b$), average velocities of the overburden layer ($\bar{v}_s^s$), and the average velocity to a depth of 30 m ($v_s30$), were then derived from those models. The estimated values of $D_b$, $v_s^b$, $\bar{v}_s^s$, and $v_s30$ for 46 sites at lower altitudes were in the ranges of 5 to 29 m, 404 to 561 m/s, 208 to 375 ms/s, and 226 to 583 m/s, respectively. According to the Korean building code for seismic design, the estimated $v_s30$ indicates that the lower altitude areas in Chuncheon are classified as $S_C$ (very dense soil and soft rock) or $S_D$ (stiff soil). To determine adequate proxies for $v_s30$, we compared the computed values with land cover, lithology, topographic slope, and surface elevation at each of the measurement sites. Due to a weak correlation (r = 0.41) between $v_s30$ and elevation, the best proxy of them, applications of this proxy to Chuncheon of a relatively small area seem to be limited.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

It is crucial to develop a miniaturized cultivation method for large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of monacolin-K, a powerful anti-hypercholesterolemic secondary metabolite biosynthesized by the fungal cells of Monascus ruber. In order to investigate as many strains as possible in a short time, a miniaturized fermentation method especially suitable for the cultivation of the filamentous Monascus mutants was developed using $50m{\ell}$ culture-tube ($7m{\ell}$ of working volume) instead of the traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask ($50m{\ell}$ of working volume). Generally, in filamentous fungal cell fermentations, morphologies in growth and production cultures should be maintained as thick filamentous and compact-pelleted (usually less than 1 mm in diameter) forms, respectively, for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in final production cultures. In this study, we intended to induce the respective optimal morphologies in the miniaturized culture system for the purpose of rapid screening of overproducers. Miniaturized growth culture system was successfully developed due to the mass production of spores in the statistically optimized solid medium. When large amounts of spores were inoculated into the growth cultures, and brown rice flour (20 g/L) was also supplemented to the growth medium, dense filamentous morphologies were successfully induced in the growth cultures performed with the 50 ml culture tubes. It was implied that the amounts of spores inoculated into the growth tube-cultures and the growth medium components should be the key factors for the induction of the filamentous forms in the growth fermentations. Furthermore, in order to statistically optimize production medium, multiple experiments based on Plackett-Burman design and response surface method (RSM) were carried out, resulting in more than 2 fold enhanced production of monacolin-K in the final production cultures with the optimized production medium. Notably, under the production culture conditions with the statistically optimized medium, optimal pellet sizes below 1 mm in diameter were reproducibly induced, in contrast to the thick and viscous filamentous morphologies observed in the previous production cultures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1974

A national programme of erosion control for soil and water conservation needs to be based on factual information about rates and quantities of soil erosion and of water runoff. The best and simplest way of reducing sedimentation pollution is to prevent or control the erosion at its sources. Steeply sloping earth banks are liable to both surface erosion and land-slides and the key to the control of these form of erosion lies with drainages and dense vegetation establishment including surface mulching on the slopes. Micro-plots having $1.6m^2$ (1 metre in width and 1.6 metres in slope length, and 1:1.2 in gradient) of banking slopes on the coarse sand soil are used to establish the order of magnititude of the difference in controlling of soil erosion and water runoff, and in potentiality of execution in consideration of the values of landscapes, performed on the 2 repetetions of six-experiment plots consisted of five surface mulches including seedings and one bare slope as a control treatment. The main results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. The significant difference is realized in the quantities of soil erosion between the measures of six treatments. 2. Excepting the differences between treatment III and VI, the significant difference is realized in the rate of surface runoff between each treatment measures. 3. Both measures of treatment II and IV are recognized as the most effective measures in controlling the soil erosion and water runoff and also in establishing the ground vegetation. (Treatment II is a measures of the coarse straw-mat mulchings on the micro-strip seedings, Treatment IV is a measures of the "SPRAY-ON method" on the micro-strip seedings). In consideration of the potentiality of execution as well as the value of landscapes, the measures of treatment II could be recommendable for establishing the vegetation cover on the denuded gentle slopes in hillsides while the measures of treatment IV could be suitable for accelerating the establishment of vegetation on steeply sloping earth banks and cuts.